+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/data.txt b/data.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a3b6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+helloworld你好
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo10.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo10.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfbbd72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo10.java
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.*;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributes;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+public class Demo10 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ AtomicInteger atomicInteger = new AtomicInteger();
+ m1();
+ Files.walkFileTree(Paths.get("D:\\BaiduNetdiskDownload\\web项目\\大屏模板"), new SimpleFileVisitor<>(){
+ /**
+ * Invoked for a file in a directory.
+ *
+ * Unless overridden, this method returns {@link FileVisitResult#CONTINUE
+ * CONTINUE}.
+ *
+ * @param file
+ * @param attrs
+ */
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {
+ if (file.endsWith(".jpg")) {
+ System.out.println(file);
+ atomicInteger.incrementAndGet();
+ }
+ return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
+ }
+ });
+
+ System.out.println("===>" + atomicInteger);
+ }
+
+ private static void m1() throws IOException {
+ AtomicInteger dirCount = new AtomicInteger();
+ AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
+
+ // 访问者模式
+ Files.walkFileTree(Paths.get("D:\\BaiduNetdiskDownload\\web项目\\大屏模板"), new SimpleFileVisitor<>() {
+ /**
+ * Invoked for a directory before entries in the directory are visited.
+ *
+ *
Unless overridden, this method returns {@link FileVisitResult#CONTINUE
+ * CONTINUE}.
+ *
+ * @param dir
+ * @param attrs
+ */
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult preVisitDirectory(Path dir, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {
+ System.out.println("===>"+dir);
+ dirCount.incrementAndGet();
+ return super.preVisitDirectory(dir, attrs);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Invoked for a file in a directory.
+ *
+ *
Unless overridden, this method returns {@link FileVisitResult#CONTINUE
+ * CONTINUE}.
+ *
+ * @param file
+ * @param attrs
+ */
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {
+ System.out.println("===>"+file);
+ fileCount.decrementAndGet();
+ return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
+ }
+ });
+
+ System.out.println("文件夹的===>" + dirCount);
+ System.out.println("文件的===>" + fileCount);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo3.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo3.java
index 8ded669..422daee 100644
--- a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo3.java
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo3.java
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
package cn.bunny;
-
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
public class Demo3 {
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ public class Demo3 {
buffer.put((byte) 0x61);
buffer.put(new byte[]{0x62, 0x63, 0x64});
+ // 共有4个值
System.out.println(buffer);
}
}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo4.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo4.java
index dfc828b..b6c300b 100644
--- a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo4.java
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo4.java
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cn.bunny;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
public class Demo4 {
+
public static void main(String[] args) {
ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
buffer.put(new byte[]{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'});
@@ -16,5 +17,8 @@ public class Demo4 {
// mark & reset
System.out.println((char) buffer.get());// b
System.out.println((char) buffer.get());// c
+
+ // get(i) 不会改变读索引
+ System.out.println((char) buffer.get());
}
}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo5.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo5.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a598932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo5.java
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+public class Demo5 {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ // 将字符串转成ByteBuffer
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
+ buffer.put("hello".getBytes());
+
+ // 转换方式二
+ ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("hello");
+ System.out.println(buffer1);
+
+ // 转换方式三
+ ByteBuffer buffer2 = ByteBuffer.wrap("hello".getBytes());
+ System.out.println(buffer2);
+
+ // 使用读模式才能有值
+ buffer1.flip();
+ String str1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1).toString();
+ System.out.println(str1);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo6.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo6.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35d51bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo6.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+public class Demo6 {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ ByteBuffer b1Buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("hello");
+ ByteBuffer b2Buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("world");
+ ByteBuffer b3Buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
+
+ try (FileChannel channel = new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw").getChannel()) {
+ channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{b1Buffer, b2Buffer, b3Buffer});
+
+ } catch (IOException exception) {
+
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo7.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo7.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e31ccc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo7.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+public class Demo7 {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ // 黏包 和 半包
+ // 黏包:很多字符串连在一起
+ // 半包:有部分没有发送完成
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+ buffer.put("Hello World!\nI'm running\nHo".getBytes());
+ split(buffer);
+ buffer.put("w are you!".getBytes());
+ // split(buffer);
+ }
+
+ private static void split(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+ buffer.flip();
+ for (int i = 0; i < buffer.limit(); i++) {
+ if (buffer.get(i) == '\n') {
+ int len = i + 1 - buffer.position();
+ ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(len);
+ for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
+ // byte b = buffer.get();
+ target.put(buffer.get());
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo8.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo8.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2abf25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo8.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+public class Demo8 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ // 只能传输 2g
+ try (
+ FileChannel fileChannel = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel();
+ FileChannel channel = new FileOutputStream("to.txt").getChannel();
+ ) {
+ // 针对只能传输两个G做了以下优化
+ long size = fileChannel.size();
+ // 分多次传输两个G内容
+ for (long left = size; left > 0; ) {
+ left -= fileChannel.transferTo((size - left), left, channel);
+ }
+ // fileChannel.transferTo(0, fileChannel.size(), channel);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo9.java b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo9.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87acde9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo1/src/main/java/cn/bunny/Demo9.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package cn.bunny;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
+
+public class Demo9 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ Path path = Paths.get("D:\\BaiduNetdiskDownload\\java项目\\目录");
+ // 正常化路径
+ System.out.println(path.normalize());
+
+ // 判断文件是否存在
+ System.out.println(Files.exists(path));
+
+ // 创建单层目录
+ Files.createDirectory(path);
+
+ // 创建多层目录
+ Files.createDirectories(path);
+
+ // 拷贝文件
+ Path source = Paths.get("data.txt");
+ Path target = Paths.get("target.txt");
+ Files.copy(source, target);
+ // 如果存在文件覆盖文件
+ Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+ // 拷贝保证文件原子性
+ Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+
+ // 删除文件,只能删除空目录,如果有内容无法删除
+ Files.delete(path);
+ }
+}
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$1.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$1.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f63cbb
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$1.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$2.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$2.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e98bcb
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10$2.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ca3c78
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo10.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo3.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo3.class
index ee938a8..617938d 100644
Binary files a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo3.class and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo3.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo4.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo4.class
index 2504098..fcb0137 100644
Binary files a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo4.class and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo4.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo5.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo5.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e19a277
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo5.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo6.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo6.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ca6837
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo6.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo7.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo7.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cffe49b
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo7.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo8.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo8.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b67d174
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo8.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo9.class b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo9.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77204d5
Binary files /dev/null and b/demo1/target/classes/cn/bunny/Demo9.class differ
diff --git a/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/createdFiles.lst b/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/createdFiles.lst
index e69de29..15b4e65 100644
--- a/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/createdFiles.lst
+++ b/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/createdFiles.lst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+cn\bunny\Demo5.class
+cn\bunny\Demo7.class
+cn\bunny\Demo6.class
diff --git a/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/inputFiles.lst b/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/inputFiles.lst
index 5379e5e..4e4321e 100644
--- a/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/inputFiles.lst
+++ b/demo1/target/maven-status/maven-compiler-plugin/compile/default-compile/inputFiles.lst
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-D:\MyFolder\Netty\bytebuffter\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\ByteBufferUtil.java
-D:\MyFolder\Netty\bytebuffter\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo01.java
-D:\MyFolder\Netty\bytebuffter\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo3.java
-D:\MyFolder\Netty\bytebuffter\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo02.java
-D:\MyFolder\Netty\bytebuffter\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Main.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo3.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo01.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo02.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo4.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo7.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo5.java
+D:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\java项目\netty\demo1\src\main\java\cn\bunny\Demo6.java
diff --git a/nio/ByteBuffer_01.class b/nio/ByteBuffer_01.class
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33fc67a
Binary files /dev/null and b/nio/ByteBuffer_01.class differ
diff --git a/nio/文档/Netty01-nio.md b/nio/文档/Netty01-nio.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c31e50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nio/文档/Netty01-nio.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2282 @@
+# 一. NIO 基础
+
+non-blocking io 非阻塞 IO
+
+## 1. 三大组件
+
+### 1.1 Channel & Buffer
+
+channel 有一点类似于 stream,它就是读写数据的**双向通道**,可以从 channel 将数据读入 buffer,也可以将 buffer 的数据写入 channel,而之前的 stream 要么是输入,要么是输出,channel 比 stream 更为底层
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+channel --> buffer
+buffer --> channel
+```
+
+常见的 Channel 有
+
+* FileChannel
+* DatagramChannel
+* SocketChannel
+* ServerSocketChannel
+
+
+
+buffer 则用来缓冲读写数据,常见的 buffer 有
+
+* ByteBuffer
+ * MappedByteBuffer
+ * DirectByteBuffer
+ * HeapByteBuffer
+* ShortBuffer
+* IntBuffer
+* LongBuffer
+* FloatBuffer
+* DoubleBuffer
+* CharBuffer
+
+
+
+### 1.2 Selector
+
+selector 单从字面意思不好理解,需要结合服务器的设计演化来理解它的用途
+
+#### 多线程版设计
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+subgraph 多线程版
+t1(thread) --> s1(socket1)
+t2(thread) --> s2(socket2)
+t3(thread) --> s3(socket3)
+end
+```
+#### ⚠️ 多线程版缺点
+
+* 内存占用高
+* 线程上下文切换成本高
+* 只适合连接数少的场景
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#### 线程池版设计
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+subgraph 线程池版
+t4(thread) --> s4(socket1)
+t5(thread) --> s5(socket2)
+t4(thread) -.-> s6(socket3)
+t5(thread) -.-> s7(socket4)
+end
+```
+#### ⚠️ 线程池版缺点
+
+* 阻塞模式下,线程仅能处理一个 socket 连接
+* 仅适合短连接场景
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#### selector 版设计
+
+selector 的作用就是配合一个线程来管理多个 channel,获取这些 channel 上发生的事件,这些 channel 工作在非阻塞模式下,不会让线程吊死在一个 channel 上。适合连接数特别多,但流量低的场景(low traffic)
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+subgraph selector 版
+thread --> selector
+selector --> c1(channel)
+selector --> c2(channel)
+selector --> c3(channel)
+end
+```
+
+
+
+调用 selector 的 select() 会阻塞直到 channel 发生了读写就绪事件,这些事件发生,select 方法就会返回这些事件交给 thread 来处理
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 2. ByteBuffer
+
+有一普通文本文件 data.txt,内容为
+
+```
+1234567890abcd
+```
+
+使用 FileChannel 来读取文件内容
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class ChannelDemo1 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/data.txt", "rw")) {
+ FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
+ do {
+ // 向 buffer 写入
+ int len = channel.read(buffer);
+ log.debug("读到字节数:{}", len);
+ if (len == -1) {
+ break;
+ }
+ // 切换 buffer 读模式
+ buffer.flip();
+ while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ log.debug("{}", (char)buffer.get());
+ }
+ // 切换 buffer 写模式
+ buffer.clear();
+ } while (true);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:10
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 1
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 2
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 3
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 4
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 5
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 6
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 7
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 8
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 9
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 0
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:4
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - a
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - b
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - c
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - d
+10:39:03 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo1 - 读到字节数:-1
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.1 ByteBuffer 正确使用姿势
+
+1. 向 buffer 写入数据,例如调用 channel.read(buffer)
+2. 调用 flip() 切换至**读模式**
+3. 从 buffer 读取数据,例如调用 buffer.get()
+4. 调用 clear() 或 compact() 切换至**写模式**
+5. 重复 1~4 步骤
+
+
+
+### 2.2 ByteBuffer 结构
+
+ByteBuffer 有以下重要属性
+
+* capacity
+* position
+* limit
+
+一开始
+
+![](img/0021.png)
+
+写模式下,position 是写入位置,limit 等于容量,下图表示写入了 4 个字节后的状态
+
+![](img/0018.png)
+
+flip 动作发生后,position 切换为读取位置,limit 切换为读取限制
+
+![](img/0019.png)
+
+读取 4 个字节后,状态
+
+![](img/0020.png)
+
+clear 动作发生后,状态
+
+![](img/0021.png)
+
+compact 方法,是把未读完的部分向前压缩,然后切换至写模式
+
+![](img/0022.png)
+
+
+
+#### 💡 调试工具类
+
+```java
+public class ByteBufferUtil {
+ private static final char[] BYTE2CHAR = new char[256];
+ private static final char[] HEXDUMP_TABLE = new char[256 * 4];
+ private static final String[] HEXPADDING = new String[16];
+ private static final String[] HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES = new String[65536 >>> 4];
+ private static final String[] BYTE2HEX = new String[256];
+ private static final String[] BYTEPADDING = new String[16];
+
+ static {
+ final char[] DIGITS = "0123456789abcdef".toCharArray();
+ for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+ HEXDUMP_TABLE[i << 1] = DIGITS[i >>> 4 & 0x0F];
+ HEXDUMP_TABLE[(i << 1) + 1] = DIGITS[i & 0x0F];
+ }
+
+ int i;
+
+ // Generate the lookup table for hex dump paddings
+ for (i = 0; i < HEXPADDING.length; i++) {
+ int padding = HEXPADDING.length - i;
+ StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding * 3);
+ for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
+ buf.append(" ");
+ }
+ HEXPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
+ }
+
+ // Generate the lookup table for the start-offset header in each row (up to 64KiB).
+ for (i = 0; i < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length; i++) {
+ StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(12);
+ buf.append(NEWLINE);
+ buf.append(Long.toHexString(i << 4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
+ buf.setCharAt(buf.length() - 9, '|');
+ buf.append('|');
+ HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[i] = buf.toString();
+ }
+
+ // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-hex-dump conversion
+ for (i = 0; i < BYTE2HEX.length; i++) {
+ BYTE2HEX[i] = ' ' + StringUtil.byteToHexStringPadded(i);
+ }
+
+ // Generate the lookup table for byte dump paddings
+ for (i = 0; i < BYTEPADDING.length; i++) {
+ int padding = BYTEPADDING.length - i;
+ StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(padding);
+ for (int j = 0; j < padding; j++) {
+ buf.append(' ');
+ }
+ BYTEPADDING[i] = buf.toString();
+ }
+
+ // Generate the lookup table for byte-to-char conversion
+ for (i = 0; i < BYTE2CHAR.length; i++) {
+ if (i <= 0x1f || i >= 0x7f) {
+ BYTE2CHAR[i] = '.';
+ } else {
+ BYTE2CHAR[i] = (char) i;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 打印所有内容
+ * @param buffer
+ */
+ public static void debugAll(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+ int oldlimit = buffer.limit();
+ buffer.limit(buffer.capacity());
+ StringBuilder origin = new StringBuilder(256);
+ appendPrettyHexDump(origin, buffer, 0, buffer.capacity());
+ System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- all ------------------------+----------------+");
+ System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), oldlimit);
+ System.out.println(origin);
+ buffer.limit(oldlimit);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * 打印可读取内容
+ * @param buffer
+ */
+ public static void debugRead(ByteBuffer buffer) {
+ StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(256);
+ appendPrettyHexDump(builder, buffer, buffer.position(), buffer.limit() - buffer.position());
+ System.out.println("+--------+-------------------- read -----------------------+----------------+");
+ System.out.printf("position: [%d], limit: [%d]\n", buffer.position(), buffer.limit());
+ System.out.println(builder);
+ }
+
+ private static void appendPrettyHexDump(StringBuilder dump, ByteBuffer buf, int offset, int length) {
+ if (isOutOfBounds(offset, length, buf.capacity())) {
+ throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
+ "expected: " + "0 <= offset(" + offset + ") <= offset + length(" + length
+ + ") <= " + "buf.capacity(" + buf.capacity() + ')');
+ }
+ if (length == 0) {
+ return;
+ }
+ dump.append(
+ " +-------------------------------------------------+" +
+ NEWLINE + " | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |" +
+ NEWLINE + "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
+
+ final int startIndex = offset;
+ final int fullRows = length >>> 4;
+ final int remainder = length & 0xF;
+
+ // Dump the rows which have 16 bytes.
+ for (int row = 0; row < fullRows; row++) {
+ int rowStartIndex = (row << 4) + startIndex;
+
+ // Per-row prefix.
+ appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, row, rowStartIndex);
+
+ // Hex dump
+ int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + 16;
+ for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
+ dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
+ }
+ dump.append(" |");
+
+ // ASCII dump
+ for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
+ dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
+ }
+ dump.append('|');
+ }
+
+ // Dump the last row which has less than 16 bytes.
+ if (remainder != 0) {
+ int rowStartIndex = (fullRows << 4) + startIndex;
+ appendHexDumpRowPrefix(dump, fullRows, rowStartIndex);
+
+ // Hex dump
+ int rowEndIndex = rowStartIndex + remainder;
+ for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
+ dump.append(BYTE2HEX[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
+ }
+ dump.append(HEXPADDING[remainder]);
+ dump.append(" |");
+
+ // Ascii dump
+ for (int j = rowStartIndex; j < rowEndIndex; j++) {
+ dump.append(BYTE2CHAR[getUnsignedByte(buf, j)]);
+ }
+ dump.append(BYTEPADDING[remainder]);
+ dump.append('|');
+ }
+
+ dump.append(NEWLINE +
+ "+--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+");
+ }
+
+ private static void appendHexDumpRowPrefix(StringBuilder dump, int row, int rowStartIndex) {
+ if (row < HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES.length) {
+ dump.append(HEXDUMP_ROWPREFIXES[row]);
+ } else {
+ dump.append(NEWLINE);
+ dump.append(Long.toHexString(rowStartIndex & 0xFFFFFFFFL | 0x100000000L));
+ dump.setCharAt(dump.length() - 9, '|');
+ dump.append('|');
+ }
+ }
+
+ public static short getUnsignedByte(ByteBuffer buffer, int index) {
+ return (short) (buffer.get(index) & 0xFF);
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.3 ByteBuffer 常见方法
+
+#### 分配空间
+
+可以使用 allocate 方法为 ByteBuffer 分配空间,其它 buffer 类也有该方法
+
+```java
+Bytebuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
+```
+
+
+
+#### 向 buffer 写入数据
+
+有两种办法
+
+* 调用 channel 的 read 方法
+* 调用 buffer 自己的 put 方法
+
+```java
+int readBytes = channel.read(buf);
+```
+
+和
+
+```java
+buf.put((byte)127);
+```
+
+
+
+#### 从 buffer 读取数据
+
+同样有两种办法
+
+* 调用 channel 的 write 方法
+* 调用 buffer 自己的 get 方法
+
+```java
+int writeBytes = channel.write(buf);
+```
+
+和
+
+```java
+byte b = buf.get();
+```
+
+get 方法会让 position 读指针向后走,如果想重复读取数据
+
+* 可以调用 rewind 方法将 position 重新置为 0
+* 或者调用 get(int i) 方法获取索引 i 的内容,它不会移动读指针
+
+
+
+#### mark 和 reset
+
+mark 是在读取时,做一个标记,即使 position 改变,只要调用 reset 就能回到 mark 的位置
+
+> **注意**
+>
+> rewind 和 flip 都会清除 mark 位置
+
+
+
+#### 字符串与 ByteBuffer 互转
+
+```java
+ByteBuffer buffer1 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("你好");
+ByteBuffer buffer2 = Charset.forName("utf-8").encode("你好");
+
+debug(buffer1);
+debug(buffer2);
+
+CharBuffer buffer3 = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.decode(buffer1);
+System.out.println(buffer3.getClass());
+System.out.println(buffer3.toString());
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| e4 bd a0 e5 a5 bd |...... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+class java.nio.HeapCharBuffer
+你好
+```
+
+
+
+#### ⚠️ Buffer 的线程安全
+
+> Buffer 是**非线程安全的**
+
+
+
+### 2.4 Scattering Reads
+
+分散读取,有一个文本文件 3parts.txt
+
+```
+onetwothree
+```
+
+使用如下方式读取,可以将数据填充至多个 buffer
+
+```java
+try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
+ FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
+ ByteBuffer a = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
+ ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(3);
+ ByteBuffer c = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);
+ channel.read(new ByteBuffer[]{a, b, c});
+ a.flip();
+ b.flip();
+ c.flip();
+ debug(a);
+ debug(b);
+ debug(c);
+} catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+}
+```
+
+结果
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6f 6e 65 |one |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 74 77 6f |two |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 74 68 72 65 65 |three |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.5 Gathering Writes
+
+使用如下方式写入,可以将多个 buffer 的数据填充至 channel
+
+```java
+try (RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile("helloword/3parts.txt", "rw")) {
+ FileChannel channel = file.getChannel();
+ ByteBuffer d = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+ ByteBuffer e = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+ channel.position(11);
+
+ d.put(new byte[]{'f', 'o', 'u', 'r'});
+ e.put(new byte[]{'f', 'i', 'v', 'e'});
+ d.flip();
+ e.flip();
+ debug(d);
+ debug(e);
+ channel.write(new ByteBuffer[]{d, e});
+} catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 66 6f 75 72 |four |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 66 69 76 65 |five |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+文件内容
+
+```
+onetwothreefourfive
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.6 练习
+
+网络上有多条数据发送给服务端,数据之间使用 \n 进行分隔
+但由于某种原因这些数据在接收时,被进行了重新组合,例如原始数据有3条为
+
+* Hello,world\n
+* I'm zhangsan\n
+* How are you?\n
+
+变成了下面的两个 byteBuffer (黏包,半包)
+
+* Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo
+* w are you?\n
+
+现在要求你编写程序,将错乱的数据恢复成原始的按 \n 分隔的数据
+
+```java
+public static void main(String[] args) {
+ ByteBuffer source = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+ // 11 24
+ source.put("Hello,world\nI'm zhangsan\nHo".getBytes());
+ split(source);
+
+ source.put("w are you?\nhaha!\n".getBytes());
+ split(source);
+}
+
+private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {
+ source.flip();
+ int oldLimit = source.limit();
+ for (int i = 0; i < oldLimit; i++) {
+ if (source.get(i) == '\n') {
+ System.out.println(i);
+ ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(i + 1 - source.position());
+ // 0 ~ limit
+ source.limit(i + 1);
+ target.put(source); // 从source 读,向 target 写
+ debugAll(target);
+ source.limit(oldLimit);
+ }
+ }
+ source.compact();
+}
+```
+
+
+
+## 3. 文件编程
+
+### 3.1 FileChannel
+
+#### ⚠️ FileChannel 工作模式
+
+> FileChannel 只能工作在阻塞模式下
+
+
+
+#### 获取
+
+不能直接打开 FileChannel,必须通过 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 来获取 FileChannel,它们都有 getChannel 方法
+
+* 通过 FileInputStream 获取的 channel 只能读
+* 通过 FileOutputStream 获取的 channel 只能写
+* 通过 RandomAccessFile 是否能读写根据构造 RandomAccessFile 时的读写模式决定
+
+
+
+#### 读取
+
+会从 channel 读取数据填充 ByteBuffer,返回值表示读到了多少字节,-1 表示到达了文件的末尾
+
+```java
+int readBytes = channel.read(buffer);
+```
+
+
+
+#### 写入
+
+写入的正确姿势如下, SocketChannel
+
+```java
+ByteBuffer buffer = ...;
+buffer.put(...); // 存入数据
+buffer.flip(); // 切换读模式
+
+while(buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ channel.write(buffer);
+}
+```
+
+在 while 中调用 channel.write 是因为 write 方法并不能保证一次将 buffer 中的内容全部写入 channel
+
+
+
+#### 关闭
+
+channel 必须关闭,不过调用了 FileInputStream、FileOutputStream 或者 RandomAccessFile 的 close 方法会间接地调用 channel 的 close 方法
+
+
+
+#### 位置
+
+获取当前位置
+
+```java
+long pos = channel.position();
+```
+
+设置当前位置
+
+```java
+long newPos = ...;
+channel.position(newPos);
+```
+
+设置当前位置时,如果设置为文件的末尾
+
+* 这时读取会返回 -1
+* 这时写入,会追加内容,但要注意如果 position 超过了文件末尾,再写入时在新内容和原末尾之间会有空洞(00)
+
+
+
+#### 大小
+
+使用 size 方法获取文件的大小
+
+
+
+#### 强制写入
+
+操作系统出于性能的考虑,会将数据缓存,不是立刻写入磁盘。可以调用 force(true) 方法将文件内容和元数据(文件的权限等信息)立刻写入磁盘
+
+
+
+### 3.2 两个 Channel 传输数据
+
+```java
+String FROM = "helloword/data.txt";
+String TO = "helloword/to.txt";
+long start = System.nanoTime();
+try (FileChannel from = new FileInputStream(FROM).getChannel();
+ FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream(TO).getChannel();
+ ) {
+ from.transferTo(0, from.size(), to);
+} catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+}
+long end = System.nanoTime();
+System.out.println("transferTo 用时:" + (end - start) / 1000_000.0);
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+transferTo 用时:8.2011
+```
+
+
+
+超过 2g 大小的文件传输
+
+```java
+public class TestFileChannelTransferTo {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (
+ FileChannel from = new FileInputStream("data.txt").getChannel();
+ FileChannel to = new FileOutputStream("to.txt").getChannel();
+ ) {
+ // 效率高,底层会利用操作系统的零拷贝进行优化
+ long size = from.size();
+ // left 变量代表还剩余多少字节
+ for (long left = size; left > 0; ) {
+ System.out.println("position:" + (size - left) + " left:" + left);
+ left -= from.transferTo((size - left), left, to);
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+实际传输一个超大文件
+
+```
+position:0 left:7769948160
+position:2147483647 left:5622464513
+position:4294967294 left:3474980866
+position:6442450941 left:1327497219
+```
+
+
+
+### 3.3 Path
+
+jdk7 引入了 Path 和 Paths 类
+
+* Path 用来表示文件路径
+* Paths 是工具类,用来获取 Path 实例
+
+```java
+Path source = Paths.get("1.txt"); // 相对路径 使用 user.dir 环境变量来定位 1.txt
+
+Path source = Paths.get("d:\\1.txt"); // 绝对路径 代表了 d:\1.txt
+
+Path source = Paths.get("d:/1.txt"); // 绝对路径 同样代表了 d:\1.txt
+
+Path projects = Paths.get("d:\\data", "projects"); // 代表了 d:\data\projects
+```
+
+* `.` 代表了当前路径
+* `..` 代表了上一级路径
+
+例如目录结构如下
+
+```
+d:
+ |- data
+ |- projects
+ |- a
+ |- b
+```
+
+代码
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("d:\\data\\projects\\a\\..\\b");
+System.out.println(path);
+System.out.println(path.normalize()); // 正常化路径
+```
+
+会输出
+
+```
+d:\data\projects\a\..\b
+d:\data\projects\b
+```
+
+
+
+### 3.4 Files
+
+检查文件是否存在
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
+System.out.println(Files.exists(path));
+```
+
+
+
+创建一级目录
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
+Files.createDirectory(path);
+```
+
+* 如果目录已存在,会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException
+* 不能一次创建多级目录,否则会抛异常 NoSuchFileException
+
+
+
+创建多级目录用
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("helloword/d1/d2");
+Files.createDirectories(path);
+```
+
+
+
+拷贝文件
+
+```java
+Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
+Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");
+
+Files.copy(source, target);
+```
+
+* 如果文件已存在,会抛异常 FileAlreadyExistsException
+
+如果希望用 source 覆盖掉 target,需要用 StandardCopyOption 来控制
+
+```java
+Files.copy(source, target, StandardCopyOption.REPLACE_EXISTING);
+```
+
+
+
+移动文件
+
+```java
+Path source = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
+Path target = Paths.get("helloword/data.txt");
+
+Files.move(source, target, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+```
+
+* StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE 保证文件移动的原子性
+
+
+
+删除文件
+
+```java
+Path target = Paths.get("helloword/target.txt");
+
+Files.delete(target);
+```
+
+* 如果文件不存在,会抛异常 NoSuchFileException
+
+
+
+删除目录
+
+```java
+Path target = Paths.get("helloword/d1");
+
+Files.delete(target);
+```
+
+* 如果目录还有内容,会抛异常 DirectoryNotEmptyException
+
+
+
+遍历目录文件
+
+```java
+public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
+ AtomicInteger dirCount = new AtomicInteger();
+ AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
+ Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult preVisitDirectory(Path dir, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
+ throws IOException {
+ System.out.println(dir);
+ dirCount.incrementAndGet();
+ return super.preVisitDirectory(dir, attrs);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
+ throws IOException {
+ System.out.println(file);
+ fileCount.incrementAndGet();
+ return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
+ }
+ });
+ System.out.println(dirCount); // 133
+ System.out.println(fileCount); // 1479
+}
+```
+
+
+
+统计 jar 的数目
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_91");
+AtomicInteger fileCount = new AtomicInteger();
+Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
+ throws IOException {
+ if (file.toFile().getName().endsWith(".jar")) {
+ fileCount.incrementAndGet();
+ }
+ return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
+ }
+});
+System.out.println(fileCount); // 724
+```
+
+
+
+删除多级目录
+
+```java
+Path path = Paths.get("d:\\a");
+Files.walkFileTree(path, new SimpleFileVisitor(){
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs)
+ throws IOException {
+ Files.delete(file);
+ return super.visitFile(file, attrs);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir, IOException exc)
+ throws IOException {
+ Files.delete(dir);
+ return super.postVisitDirectory(dir, exc);
+ }
+});
+```
+
+
+
+#### ⚠️ 删除很危险
+
+> 删除是危险操作,确保要递归删除的文件夹没有重要内容
+
+
+
+拷贝多级目录
+
+```java
+long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+String source = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64";
+String target = "D:\\Snipaste-1.16.2-x64aaa";
+
+Files.walk(Paths.get(source)).forEach(path -> {
+ try {
+ String targetName = path.toString().replace(source, target);
+ // 是目录
+ if (Files.isDirectory(path)) {
+ Files.createDirectory(Paths.get(targetName));
+ }
+ // 是普通文件
+ else if (Files.isRegularFile(path)) {
+ Files.copy(path, Paths.get(targetName));
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+});
+long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+System.out.println(end - start);
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+## 4. 网络编程
+
+### 4.1 非阻塞 vs 阻塞
+
+#### 阻塞
+
+* 阻塞模式下,相关方法都会导致线程暂停
+ * ServerSocketChannel.accept 会在没有连接建立时让线程暂停
+ * SocketChannel.read 会在没有数据可读时让线程暂停
+ * 阻塞的表现其实就是线程暂停了,暂停期间不会占用 cpu,但线程相当于闲置
+* 单线程下,阻塞方法之间相互影响,几乎不能正常工作,需要多线程支持
+* 但多线程下,有新的问题,体现在以下方面
+ * 32 位 jvm 一个线程 320k,64 位 jvm 一个线程 1024k,如果连接数过多,必然导致 OOM,并且线程太多,反而会因为频繁上下文切换导致性能降低
+ * 可以采用线程池技术来减少线程数和线程上下文切换,但治标不治本,如果有很多连接建立,但长时间 inactive,会阻塞线程池中所有线程,因此不适合长连接,只适合短连接
+
+
+
+服务器端
+
+```java
+// 使用 nio 来理解阻塞模式, 单线程
+// 0. ByteBuffer
+ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
+// 1. 创建了服务器
+ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+
+// 2. 绑定监听端口
+ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+
+// 3. 连接集合
+List channels = new ArrayList<>();
+while (true) {
+ // 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信
+ log.debug("connecting...");
+ SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行
+ log.debug("connected... {}", sc);
+ channels.add(sc);
+ for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {
+ // 5. 接收客户端发送的数据
+ log.debug("before read... {}", channel);
+ channel.read(buffer); // 阻塞方法,线程停止运行
+ buffer.flip();
+ debugRead(buffer);
+ buffer.clear();
+ log.debug("after read...{}", channel);
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
+System.out.println("waiting...");
+```
+
+
+
+#### 非阻塞
+
+* 非阻塞模式下,相关方法都会不会让线程暂停
+ * 在 ServerSocketChannel.accept 在没有连接建立时,会返回 null,继续运行
+ * SocketChannel.read 在没有数据可读时,会返回 0,但线程不必阻塞,可以去执行其它 SocketChannel 的 read 或是去执行 ServerSocketChannel.accept
+ * 写数据时,线程只是等待数据写入 Channel 即可,无需等 Channel 通过网络把数据发送出去
+* 但非阻塞模式下,即使没有连接建立,和可读数据,线程仍然在不断运行,白白浪费了 cpu
+* 数据复制过程中,线程实际还是阻塞的(AIO 改进的地方)
+
+
+
+服务器端,客户端代码不变
+
+```java
+// 使用 nio 来理解非阻塞模式, 单线程
+// 0. ByteBuffer
+ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
+// 1. 创建了服务器
+ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ssc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式
+// 2. 绑定监听端口
+ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+// 3. 连接集合
+List channels = new ArrayList<>();
+while (true) {
+ // 4. accept 建立与客户端连接, SocketChannel 用来与客户端之间通信
+ SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept(); // 非阻塞,线程还会继续运行,如果没有连接建立,但sc是null
+ if (sc != null) {
+ log.debug("connected... {}", sc);
+ sc.configureBlocking(false); // 非阻塞模式
+ channels.add(sc);
+ }
+ for (SocketChannel channel : channels) {
+ // 5. 接收客户端发送的数据
+ int read = channel.read(buffer);// 非阻塞,线程仍然会继续运行,如果没有读到数据,read 返回 0
+ if (read > 0) {
+ buffer.flip();
+ debugRead(buffer);
+ buffer.clear();
+ log.debug("after read...{}", channel);
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 多路复用
+
+单线程可以配合 Selector 完成对多个 Channel 可读写事件的监控,这称之为多路复用
+
+* 多路复用仅针对网络 IO、普通文件 IO 没法利用多路复用
+* 如果不用 Selector 的非阻塞模式,线程大部分时间都在做无用功,而 Selector 能够保证
+ * 有可连接事件时才去连接
+ * 有可读事件才去读取
+ * 有可写事件才去写入
+ * 限于网络传输能力,Channel 未必时时可写,一旦 Channel 可写,会触发 Selector 的可写事件
+
+
+
+### 4.2 Selector
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+subgraph selector 版
+thread --> selector
+selector --> c1(channel)
+selector --> c2(channel)
+selector --> c3(channel)
+end
+```
+
+
+
+好处
+
+* 一个线程配合 selector 就可以监控多个 channel 的事件,事件发生线程才去处理。避免非阻塞模式下所做无用功
+* 让这个线程能够被充分利用
+* 节约了线程的数量
+* 减少了线程上下文切换
+
+
+
+#### 创建
+
+```java
+Selector selector = Selector.open();
+```
+
+
+
+#### 绑定 Channel 事件
+
+也称之为注册事件,绑定的事件 selector 才会关心
+
+```java
+channel.configureBlocking(false);
+SelectionKey key = channel.register(selector, 绑定事件);
+```
+
+* channel 必须工作在非阻塞模式
+* FileChannel 没有非阻塞模式,因此不能配合 selector 一起使用
+* 绑定的事件类型可以有
+ * connect - 客户端连接成功时触发
+ * accept - 服务器端成功接受连接时触发
+ * read - 数据可读入时触发,有因为接收能力弱,数据暂不能读入的情况
+ * write - 数据可写出时触发,有因为发送能力弱,数据暂不能写出的情况
+
+
+
+#### 监听 Channel 事件
+
+可以通过下面三种方法来监听是否有事件发生,方法的返回值代表有多少 channel 发生了事件
+
+方法1,阻塞直到绑定事件发生
+
+```java
+int count = selector.select();
+```
+
+
+
+方法2,阻塞直到绑定事件发生,或是超时(时间单位为 ms)
+
+```java
+int count = selector.select(long timeout);
+```
+
+
+
+方法3,不会阻塞,也就是不管有没有事件,立刻返回,自己根据返回值检查是否有事件
+
+```java
+int count = selector.selectNow();
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 select 何时不阻塞
+
+> * 事件发生时
+> * 客户端发起连接请求,会触发 accept 事件
+> * 客户端发送数据过来,客户端正常、异常关闭时,都会触发 read 事件,另外如果发送的数据大于 buffer 缓冲区,会触发多次读取事件
+> * channel 可写,会触发 write 事件
+> * 在 linux 下 nio bug 发生时
+> * 调用 selector.wakeup()
+> * 调用 selector.close()
+> * selector 所在线程 interrupt
+
+
+
+### 4.3 处理 accept 事件
+
+客户端代码为
+
+```java
+public class Client {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 8080)) {
+ System.out.println(socket);
+ socket.getOutputStream().write("world".getBytes());
+ System.in.read();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+服务器端代码为
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class ChannelDemo6 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {
+ channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+ System.out.println(channel);
+ Selector selector = Selector.open();
+ channel.configureBlocking(false);
+ channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+
+ while (true) {
+ int count = selector.select();
+// int count = selector.selectNow();
+ log.debug("select count: {}", count);
+// if(count <= 0) {
+// continue;
+// }
+
+ // 获取所有事件
+ Set keys = selector.selectedKeys();
+
+ // 遍历所有事件,逐一处理
+ Iterator iter = keys.iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ // 判断事件类型
+ if (key.isAcceptable()) {
+ ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
+ // 必须处理
+ SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
+ log.debug("{}", sc);
+ }
+ // 处理完毕,必须将事件移除
+ iter.remove();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 事件发生后能否不处理
+
+> 事件发生后,要么处理,要么取消(cancel),不能什么都不做,否则下次该事件仍会触发,这是因为 nio 底层使用的是水平触发
+
+
+
+### 4.4 处理 read 事件
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class ChannelDemo6 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (ServerSocketChannel channel = ServerSocketChannel.open()) {
+ channel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+ System.out.println(channel);
+ Selector selector = Selector.open();
+ channel.configureBlocking(false);
+ channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+
+ while (true) {
+ int count = selector.select();
+// int count = selector.selectNow();
+ log.debug("select count: {}", count);
+// if(count <= 0) {
+// continue;
+// }
+
+ // 获取所有事件
+ Set keys = selector.selectedKeys();
+
+ // 遍历所有事件,逐一处理
+ Iterator iter = keys.iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ // 判断事件类型
+ if (key.isAcceptable()) {
+ ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
+ // 必须处理
+ SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
+ sc.configureBlocking(false);
+ sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ log.debug("连接已建立: {}", sc);
+ } else if (key.isReadable()) {
+ SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
+ int read = sc.read(buffer);
+ if(read == -1) {
+ key.cancel();
+ sc.close();
+ } else {
+ buffer.flip();
+ debug(buffer);
+ }
+ }
+ // 处理完毕,必须将事件移除
+ iter.remove();
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+开启两个客户端,修改一下发送文字,输出
+
+```
+sun.nio.ch.ServerSocketChannelImpl[/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080]
+21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
+21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60367]
+21:16:39 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f |hello |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
+21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - 连接已建立: java.nio.channels.SocketChannel[connected local=/127.0.0.1:8080 remote=/127.0.0.1:60378]
+21:16:59 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.ChannelDemo6 - select count: 1
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 77 6f 72 6c 64 |world |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 为何要 iter.remove()
+
+> 因为 select 在事件发生后,就会将相关的 key 放入 selectedKeys 集合,但不会在处理完后从 selectedKeys 集合中移除,需要我们自己编码删除。例如
+>
+> * 第一次触发了 ssckey 上的 accept 事件,没有移除 ssckey
+> * 第二次触发了 sckey 上的 read 事件,但这时 selectedKeys 中还有上次的 ssckey ,在处理时因为没有真正的 serverSocket 连上了,就会导致空指针异常
+
+
+
+#### 💡 cancel 的作用
+
+> cancel 会取消注册在 selector 上的 channel,并从 keys 集合中删除 key 后续不会再监听事件
+
+
+
+#### ⚠️ 不处理边界的问题
+
+以前有同学写过这样的代码,思考注释中两个问题,以 bio 为例,其实 nio 道理是一样的
+
+```java
+public class Server {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(9000);
+ while (true) {
+ Socket s = ss.accept();
+ InputStream in = s.getInputStream();
+ // 这里这么写,有没有问题
+ byte[] arr = new byte[4];
+ while(true) {
+ int read = in.read(arr);
+ // 这里这么写,有没有问题
+ if(read == -1) {
+ break;
+ }
+ System.out.println(new String(arr, 0, read));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+public class Client {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ Socket max = new Socket("localhost", 9000);
+ OutputStream out = max.getOutputStream();
+ out.write("hello".getBytes());
+ out.write("world".getBytes());
+ out.write("你好".getBytes());
+ max.close();
+ }
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+hell
+owor
+ld�
+�好
+
+```
+
+为什么?
+
+
+
+#### 处理消息的边界
+
+![](img/0023.png)
+
+* 一种思路是固定消息长度,数据包大小一样,服务器按预定长度读取,缺点是浪费带宽
+* 另一种思路是按分隔符拆分,缺点是效率低
+* TLV 格式,即 Type 类型、Length 长度、Value 数据,类型和长度已知的情况下,就可以方便获取消息大小,分配合适的 buffer,缺点是 buffer 需要提前分配,如果内容过大,则影响 server 吞吐量
+ * Http 1.1 是 TLV 格式
+ * Http 2.0 是 LTV 格式
+
+
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+participant c1 as 客户端1
+participant s as 服务器
+participant b1 as ByteBuffer1
+participant b2 as ByteBuffer2
+c1 ->> s: 发送 01234567890abcdef3333\r
+s ->> b1: 第一次 read 存入 01234567890abcdef
+s ->> b2: 扩容
+b1 ->> b2: 拷贝 01234567890abcdef
+s ->> b2: 第二次 read 存入 3333\r
+b2 ->> b2: 01234567890abcdef3333\r
+```
+
+服务器端
+
+```java
+private static void split(ByteBuffer source) {
+ source.flip();
+ for (int i = 0; i < source.limit(); i++) {
+ // 找到一条完整消息
+ if (source.get(i) == '\n') {
+ int length = i + 1 - source.position();
+ // 把这条完整消息存入新的 ByteBuffer
+ ByteBuffer target = ByteBuffer.allocate(length);
+ // 从 source 读,向 target 写
+ for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {
+ target.put(source.get());
+ }
+ debugAll(target);
+ }
+ }
+ source.compact(); // 0123456789abcdef position 16 limit 16
+}
+
+public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ // 1. 创建 selector, 管理多个 channel
+ Selector selector = Selector.open();
+ ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ ssc.configureBlocking(false);
+ // 2. 建立 selector 和 channel 的联系(注册)
+ // SelectionKey 就是将来事件发生后,通过它可以知道事件和哪个channel的事件
+ SelectionKey sscKey = ssc.register(selector, 0, null);
+ // key 只关注 accept 事件
+ sscKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+ log.debug("sscKey:{}", sscKey);
+ ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+ while (true) {
+ // 3. select 方法, 没有事件发生,线程阻塞,有事件,线程才会恢复运行
+ // select 在事件未处理时,它不会阻塞, 事件发生后要么处理,要么取消,不能置之不理
+ selector.select();
+ // 4. 处理事件, selectedKeys 内部包含了所有发生的事件
+ Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator(); // accept, read
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ // 处理key 时,要从 selectedKeys 集合中删除,否则下次处理就会有问题
+ iter.remove();
+ log.debug("key: {}", key);
+ // 5. 区分事件类型
+ if (key.isAcceptable()) { // 如果是 accept
+ ServerSocketChannel channel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
+ SocketChannel sc = channel.accept();
+ sc.configureBlocking(false);
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16); // attachment
+ // 将一个 byteBuffer 作为附件关联到 selectionKey 上
+ SelectionKey scKey = sc.register(selector, 0, buffer);
+ scKey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ log.debug("{}", sc);
+ log.debug("scKey:{}", scKey);
+ } else if (key.isReadable()) { // 如果是 read
+ try {
+ SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel(); // 拿到触发事件的channel
+ // 获取 selectionKey 上关联的附件
+ ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();
+ int read = channel.read(buffer); // 如果是正常断开,read 的方法的返回值是 -1
+ if(read == -1) {
+ key.cancel();
+ } else {
+ split(buffer);
+ // 需要扩容
+ if (buffer.position() == buffer.limit()) {
+ ByteBuffer newBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(buffer.capacity() * 2);
+ buffer.flip();
+ newBuffer.put(buffer); // 0123456789abcdef3333\n
+ key.attach(newBuffer);
+ }
+ }
+
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ key.cancel(); // 因为客户端断开了,因此需要将 key 取消(从 selector 的 keys 集合中真正删除 key)
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
+SocketAddress address = sc.getLocalAddress();
+// sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("hello\nworld\n"));
+sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123\n456789abcdef"));
+sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("0123456789abcdef3333\n"));
+System.in.read();
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+#### ByteBuffer 大小分配
+
+* 每个 channel 都需要记录可能被切分的消息,因为 ByteBuffer 不能被多个 channel 共同使用,因此需要为每个 channel 维护一个独立的 ByteBuffer
+* ByteBuffer 不能太大,比如一个 ByteBuffer 1Mb 的话,要支持百万连接就要 1Tb 内存,因此需要设计大小可变的 ByteBuffer
+ * 一种思路是首先分配一个较小的 buffer,例如 4k,如果发现数据不够,再分配 8k 的 buffer,将 4k buffer 内容拷贝至 8k buffer,优点是消息连续容易处理,缺点是数据拷贝耗费性能,参考实现 [http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-performance/resizable-array.html](http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-performance/resizable-array.html)
+ * 另一种思路是用多个数组组成 buffer,一个数组不够,把多出来的内容写入新的数组,与前面的区别是消息存储不连续解析复杂,优点是避免了拷贝引起的性能损耗
+
+
+
+
+
+### 4.5 处理 write 事件
+
+
+
+#### 一次无法写完例子
+
+* 非阻塞模式下,无法保证把 buffer 中所有数据都写入 channel,因此需要追踪 write 方法的返回值(代表实际写入字节数)
+* 用 selector 监听所有 channel 的可写事件,每个 channel 都需要一个 key 来跟踪 buffer,但这样又会导致占用内存过多,就有两阶段策略
+ * 当消息处理器第一次写入消息时,才将 channel 注册到 selector 上
+ * selector 检查 channel 上的可写事件,如果所有的数据写完了,就取消 channel 的注册
+ * 如果不取消,会每次可写均会触发 write 事件
+
+
+
+```java
+public class WriteServer {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ ssc.configureBlocking(false);
+ ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+
+ Selector selector = Selector.open();
+ ssc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+
+ while(true) {
+ selector.select();
+
+ Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ iter.remove();
+ if (key.isAcceptable()) {
+ SocketChannel sc = ssc.accept();
+ sc.configureBlocking(false);
+ SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ // 1. 向客户端发送内容
+ StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+ for (int i = 0; i < 3000000; i++) {
+ sb.append("a");
+ }
+ ByteBuffer buffer = Charset.defaultCharset().encode(sb.toString());
+ int write = sc.write(buffer);
+ // 3. write 表示实际写了多少字节
+ System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);
+ // 4. 如果有剩余未读字节,才需要关注写事件
+ if (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+ // read 1 write 4
+ // 在原有关注事件的基础上,多关注 写事件
+ sckey.interestOps(sckey.interestOps() + SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+ // 把 buffer 作为附件加入 sckey
+ sckey.attach(buffer);
+ }
+ } else if (key.isWritable()) {
+ ByteBuffer buffer = (ByteBuffer) key.attachment();
+ SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+ int write = sc.write(buffer);
+ System.out.println("实际写入字节:" + write);
+ if (!buffer.hasRemaining()) { // 写完了
+ key.interestOps(key.interestOps() - SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+ key.attach(null);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+public class WriteClient {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ Selector selector = Selector.open();
+ SocketChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+ sc.configureBlocking(false);
+ sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT | SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ sc.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
+ int count = 0;
+ while (true) {
+ selector.select();
+ Iterator iter = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ iter.remove();
+ if (key.isConnectable()) {
+ System.out.println(sc.finishConnect());
+ } else if (key.isReadable()) {
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024 * 1024);
+ count += sc.read(buffer);
+ buffer.clear();
+ System.out.println(count);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 write 为何要取消
+
+只要向 channel 发送数据时,socket 缓冲可写,这个事件会频繁触发,因此应当只在 socket 缓冲区写不下时再关注可写事件,数据写完之后再取消关注
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+### 4.6 更进一步
+
+
+
+#### 💡 利用多线程优化
+
+> 现在都是多核 cpu,设计时要充分考虑别让 cpu 的力量被白白浪费
+
+
+
+前面的代码只有一个选择器,没有充分利用多核 cpu,如何改进呢?
+
+分两组选择器
+
+* 单线程配一个选择器,专门处理 accept 事件
+* 创建 cpu 核心数的线程,每个线程配一个选择器,轮流处理 read 事件
+
+
+
+```java
+public class ChannelDemo7 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ new BossEventLoop().register();
+ }
+
+
+ @Slf4j
+ static class BossEventLoop implements Runnable {
+ private Selector boss;
+ private WorkerEventLoop[] workers;
+ private volatile boolean start = false;
+ AtomicInteger index = new AtomicInteger();
+
+ public void register() throws IOException {
+ if (!start) {
+ ServerSocketChannel ssc = ServerSocketChannel.open();
+ ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+ ssc.configureBlocking(false);
+ boss = Selector.open();
+ SelectionKey ssckey = ssc.register(boss, 0, null);
+ ssckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+ workers = initEventLoops();
+ new Thread(this, "boss").start();
+ log.debug("boss start...");
+ start = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ public WorkerEventLoop[] initEventLoops() {
+// EventLoop[] eventLoops = new EventLoop[Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()];
+ WorkerEventLoop[] workerEventLoops = new WorkerEventLoop[2];
+ for (int i = 0; i < workerEventLoops.length; i++) {
+ workerEventLoops[i] = new WorkerEventLoop(i);
+ }
+ return workerEventLoops;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void run() {
+ while (true) {
+ try {
+ boss.select();
+ Iterator iter = boss.selectedKeys().iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ iter.remove();
+ if (key.isAcceptable()) {
+ ServerSocketChannel c = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();
+ SocketChannel sc = c.accept();
+ sc.configureBlocking(false);
+ log.debug("{} connected", sc.getRemoteAddress());
+ workers[index.getAndIncrement() % workers.length].register(sc);
+ }
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ @Slf4j
+ static class WorkerEventLoop implements Runnable {
+ private Selector worker;
+ private volatile boolean start = false;
+ private int index;
+
+ private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue tasks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+
+ public WorkerEventLoop(int index) {
+ this.index = index;
+ }
+
+ public void register(SocketChannel sc) throws IOException {
+ if (!start) {
+ worker = Selector.open();
+ new Thread(this, "worker-" + index).start();
+ start = true;
+ }
+ tasks.add(() -> {
+ try {
+ SelectionKey sckey = sc.register(worker, 0, null);
+ sckey.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+ worker.selectNow();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ });
+ worker.wakeup();
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void run() {
+ while (true) {
+ try {
+ worker.select();
+ Runnable task = tasks.poll();
+ if (task != null) {
+ task.run();
+ }
+ Set keys = worker.selectedKeys();
+ Iterator iter = keys.iterator();
+ while (iter.hasNext()) {
+ SelectionKey key = iter.next();
+ if (key.isReadable()) {
+ SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);
+ try {
+ int read = sc.read(buffer);
+ if (read == -1) {
+ key.cancel();
+ sc.close();
+ } else {
+ buffer.flip();
+ log.debug("{} message:", sc.getRemoteAddress());
+ debugAll(buffer);
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ key.cancel();
+ sc.close();
+ }
+ }
+ iter.remove();
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 如何拿到 cpu 个数
+
+> * Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() 如果工作在 docker 容器下,因为容器不是物理隔离的,会拿到物理 cpu 个数,而不是容器申请时的个数
+> * 这个问题直到 jdk 10 才修复,使用 jvm 参数 UseContainerSupport 配置, 默认开启
+
+
+
+### 4.7 UDP
+
+* UDP 是无连接的,client 发送数据不会管 server 是否开启
+* server 这边的 receive 方法会将接收到的数据存入 byte buffer,但如果数据报文超过 buffer 大小,多出来的数据会被默默抛弃
+
+首先启动服务器端
+
+```java
+public class UdpServer {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {
+ channel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(9999));
+ System.out.println("waiting...");
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+ channel.receive(buffer);
+ buffer.flip();
+ debug(buffer);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+waiting...
+```
+
+
+
+运行客户端
+
+```java
+public class UdpClient {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ try (DatagramChannel channel = DatagramChannel.open()) {
+ ByteBuffer buffer = StandardCharsets.UTF_8.encode("hello");
+ InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 9999);
+ channel.send(buffer, address);
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+接下来服务器端输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 68 65 6c 6c 6f |hello |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+## 5. NIO vs BIO
+
+### 5.1 stream vs channel
+
+* stream 不会自动缓冲数据,channel 会利用系统提供的发送缓冲区、接收缓冲区(更为底层)
+* stream 仅支持阻塞 API,channel 同时支持阻塞、非阻塞 API,网络 channel 可配合 selector 实现多路复用
+* 二者均为全双工,即读写可以同时进行
+
+
+
+### 5.2 IO 模型
+
+同步阻塞、同步非阻塞、同步多路复用、异步阻塞(没有此情况)、异步非阻塞
+
+* 同步:线程自己去获取结果(一个线程)
+* 异步:线程自己不去获取结果,而是由其它线程送结果(至少两个线程)
+
+
+
+当调用一次 channel.read 或 stream.read 后,会切换至操作系统内核态来完成真正数据读取,而读取又分为两个阶段,分别为:
+
+* 等待数据阶段
+* 复制数据阶段
+
+![](img/0033.png)
+
+* 阻塞 IO
+
+ ![](img/0039.png)
+
+* 非阻塞 IO
+
+ ![](img/0035.png)
+
+* 多路复用
+
+ ![](img/0038.png)
+
+* 信号驱动
+
+* 异步 IO
+
+ ![](img/0037.png)
+
+* 阻塞 IO vs 多路复用
+
+ ![](img/0034.png)
+
+ ![](img/0036.png)
+
+#### 🔖 参考
+
+UNIX 网络编程 - 卷 I
+
+
+
+### 5.3 零拷贝
+
+#### 传统 IO 问题
+
+传统的 IO 将一个文件通过 socket 写出
+
+```java
+File f = new File("helloword/data.txt");
+RandomAccessFile file = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r");
+
+byte[] buf = new byte[(int)f.length()];
+file.read(buf);
+
+Socket socket = ...;
+socket.getOutputStream().write(buf);
+```
+
+内部工作流程是这样的:
+
+![](img/0024.png)
+
+1. java 本身并不具备 IO 读写能力,因此 read 方法调用后,要从 java 程序的**用户态**切换至**内核态**,去调用操作系统(Kernel)的读能力,将数据读入**内核缓冲区**。这期间用户线程阻塞,操作系统使用 DMA(Direct Memory Access)来实现文件读,其间也不会使用 cpu
+
+ > DMA 也可以理解为硬件单元,用来解放 cpu 完成文件 IO
+
+2. 从**内核态**切换回**用户态**,将数据从**内核缓冲区**读入**用户缓冲区**(即 byte[] buf),这期间 cpu 会参与拷贝,无法利用 DMA
+
+3. 调用 write 方法,这时将数据从**用户缓冲区**(byte[] buf)写入 **socket 缓冲区**,cpu 会参与拷贝
+
+4. 接下来要向网卡写数据,这项能力 java 又不具备,因此又得从**用户态**切换至**内核态**,调用操作系统的写能力,使用 DMA 将 **socket 缓冲区**的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu
+
+
+
+可以看到中间环节较多,java 的 IO 实际不是物理设备级别的读写,而是缓存的复制,底层的真正读写是操作系统来完成的
+
+* 用户态与内核态的切换发生了 3 次,这个操作比较重量级
+* 数据拷贝了共 4 次
+
+
+
+#### NIO 优化
+
+通过 DirectByteBuf
+
+* ByteBuffer.allocate(10) HeapByteBuffer 使用的还是 java 内存
+* ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(10) DirectByteBuffer 使用的是操作系统内存
+
+![](img/0025.png)
+
+大部分步骤与优化前相同,不再赘述。唯有一点:java 可以使用 DirectByteBuf 将堆外内存映射到 jvm 内存中来直接访问使用
+
+* 这块内存不受 jvm 垃圾回收的影响,因此内存地址固定,有助于 IO 读写
+* java 中的 DirectByteBuf 对象仅维护了此内存的虚引用,内存回收分成两步
+ * DirectByteBuf 对象被垃圾回收,将虚引用加入引用队列
+ * 通过专门线程访问引用队列,根据虚引用释放堆外内存
+* 减少了一次数据拷贝,用户态与内核态的切换次数没有减少
+
+
+
+进一步优化(底层采用了 linux 2.1 后提供的 sendFile 方法),java 中对应着两个 channel 调用 transferTo/transferFrom 方法拷贝数据
+
+![](img/0026.png)
+
+1. java 调用 transferTo 方法后,要从 java 程序的**用户态**切换至**内核态**,使用 DMA将数据读入**内核缓冲区**,不会使用 cpu
+2. 数据从**内核缓冲区**传输到 **socket 缓冲区**,cpu 会参与拷贝
+3. 最后使用 DMA 将 **socket 缓冲区**的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu
+
+可以看到
+
+* 只发生了一次用户态与内核态的切换
+* 数据拷贝了 3 次
+
+
+
+进一步优化(linux 2.4)
+
+![](img/0027.png)
+
+1. java 调用 transferTo 方法后,要从 java 程序的**用户态**切换至**内核态**,使用 DMA将数据读入**内核缓冲区**,不会使用 cpu
+2. 只会将一些 offset 和 length 信息拷入 **socket 缓冲区**,几乎无消耗
+3. 使用 DMA 将 **内核缓冲区**的数据写入网卡,不会使用 cpu
+
+整个过程仅只发生了一次用户态与内核态的切换,数据拷贝了 2 次。所谓的【零拷贝】,并不是真正无拷贝,而是在不会拷贝重复数据到 jvm 内存中,零拷贝的优点有
+
+* 更少的用户态与内核态的切换
+* 不利用 cpu 计算,减少 cpu 缓存伪共享
+* 零拷贝适合小文件传输
+
+
+
+### 5.3 AIO
+
+AIO 用来解决数据复制阶段的阻塞问题
+
+* 同步意味着,在进行读写操作时,线程需要等待结果,还是相当于闲置
+* 异步意味着,在进行读写操作时,线程不必等待结果,而是将来由操作系统来通过回调方式由另外的线程来获得结果
+
+> 异步模型需要底层操作系统(Kernel)提供支持
+>
+> * Windows 系统通过 IOCP 实现了真正的异步 IO
+> * Linux 系统异步 IO 在 2.6 版本引入,但其底层实现还是用多路复用模拟了异步 IO,性能没有优势
+
+
+
+#### 文件 AIO
+
+先来看看 AsynchronousFileChannel
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class AioDemo1 {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ try{
+ AsynchronousFileChannel s =
+ AsynchronousFileChannel.open(
+ Paths.get("1.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(2);
+ log.debug("begin...");
+ s.read(buffer, 0, null, new CompletionHandler() {
+ @Override
+ public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ log.debug("read completed...{}", result);
+ buffer.flip();
+ debug(buffer);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ log.debug("read failed...");
+ }
+ });
+
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ log.debug("do other things...");
+ System.in.read();
+ }
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - begin...
+13:44:56 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - do other things...
+13:44:56 [DEBUG] [Thread-5] c.i.aio.AioDemo1 - read completed...2
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 0d |a. |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+可以看到
+
+* 响应文件读取成功的是另一个线程 Thread-5
+* 主线程并没有 IO 操作阻塞
+
+
+
+#### 💡 守护线程
+
+默认文件 AIO 使用的线程都是守护线程,所以最后要执行 `System.in.read()` 以避免守护线程意外结束
+
+
+
+#### 网络 AIO
+
+```java
+public class AioServer {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc = AsynchronousServerSocketChannel.open();
+ ssc.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8080));
+ ssc.accept(null, new AcceptHandler(ssc));
+ System.in.read();
+ }
+
+ private static void closeChannel(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
+ try {
+ System.out.printf("[%s] %s close\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
+ sc.close();
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+
+ private static class ReadHandler implements CompletionHandler {
+ private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;
+
+ public ReadHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
+ this.sc = sc;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ try {
+ if (result == -1) {
+ closeChannel(sc);
+ return;
+ }
+ System.out.printf("[%s] %s read\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
+ attachment.flip();
+ System.out.println(Charset.defaultCharset().decode(attachment));
+ attachment.clear();
+ // 处理完第一个 read 时,需要再次调用 read 方法来处理下一个 read 事件
+ sc.read(attachment, attachment, this);
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ closeChannel(sc);
+ exc.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+
+ private static class WriteHandler implements CompletionHandler {
+ private final AsynchronousSocketChannel sc;
+
+ private WriteHandler(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc) {
+ this.sc = sc;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void completed(Integer result, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ // 如果作为附件的 buffer 还有内容,需要再次 write 写出剩余内容
+ if (attachment.hasRemaining()) {
+ sc.write(attachment);
+ }
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void failed(Throwable exc, ByteBuffer attachment) {
+ exc.printStackTrace();
+ closeChannel(sc);
+ }
+ }
+
+ private static class AcceptHandler implements CompletionHandler {
+ private final AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc;
+
+ public AcceptHandler(AsynchronousServerSocketChannel ssc) {
+ this.ssc = ssc;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void completed(AsynchronousSocketChannel sc, Object attachment) {
+ try {
+ System.out.printf("[%s] %s connected\n", Thread.currentThread().getName(), sc.getRemoteAddress());
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(16);
+ // 读事件由 ReadHandler 处理
+ sc.read(buffer, buffer, new ReadHandler(sc));
+ // 写事件由 WriteHandler 处理
+ sc.write(Charset.defaultCharset().encode("server hello!"), ByteBuffer.allocate(16), new WriteHandler(sc));
+ // 处理完第一个 accpet 时,需要再次调用 accept 方法来处理下一个 accept 事件
+ ssc.accept(null, this);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void failed(Throwable exc, Object attachment) {
+ exc.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/nio/文档/Netty02-入门.md b/nio/文档/Netty02-入门.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08c8a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nio/文档/Netty02-入门.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1871 @@
+# 二. Netty 入门
+
+
+
+## 1. 概述
+
+### 1.1 Netty 是什么?
+
+```
+Netty is an asynchronous event-driven network application framework
+for rapid development of maintainable high performance protocol servers & clients.
+```
+
+Netty 是一个异步的、基于事件驱动的网络应用框架,用于快速开发可维护、高性能的网络服务器和客户端
+
+
+
+### 1.2 Netty 的作者
+
+![](img/0005.png)
+
+他还是另一个著名网络应用框架 Mina 的重要贡献者
+
+
+
+### 1.3 Netty 的地位
+
+Netty 在 Java 网络应用框架中的地位就好比:Spring 框架在 JavaEE 开发中的地位
+
+以下的框架都使用了 Netty,因为它们有网络通信需求!
+
+* Cassandra - nosql 数据库
+* Spark - 大数据分布式计算框架
+* Hadoop - 大数据分布式存储框架
+* RocketMQ - ali 开源的消息队列
+* ElasticSearch - 搜索引擎
+* gRPC - rpc 框架
+* Dubbo - rpc 框架
+* Spring 5.x - flux api 完全抛弃了 tomcat ,使用 netty 作为服务器端
+* Zookeeper - 分布式协调框架
+
+
+
+### 1.4 Netty 的优势
+
+* Netty vs NIO,工作量大,bug 多
+ * 需要自己构建协议
+ * 解决 TCP 传输问题,如粘包、半包
+ * epoll 空轮询导致 CPU 100%
+ * 对 API 进行增强,使之更易用,如 FastThreadLocal => ThreadLocal,ByteBuf => ByteBuffer
+* Netty vs 其它网络应用框架
+ * Mina 由 apache 维护,将来 3.x 版本可能会有较大重构,破坏 API 向下兼容性,Netty 的开发迭代更迅速,API 更简洁、文档更优秀
+ * 久经考验,16年,Netty 版本
+ * 2.x 2004
+ * 3.x 2008
+ * 4.x 2013
+ * 5.x 已废弃(没有明显的性能提升,维护成本高)
+
+
+
+## 2. Hello World
+
+### 2.1 目标
+
+开发一个简单的服务器端和客户端
+
+* 客户端向服务器端发送 hello, world
+* 服务器仅接收,不返回
+
+
+
+加入依赖
+
+```xml
+
+ io.netty
+ netty-all
+ 4.1.39.Final
+
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+### 2.2 服务器端
+
+```java
+new ServerBootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup()) // 1
+ .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class) // 2
+ .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() { // 3
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder()); // 5
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler() { // 6
+ @Override
+ protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, String msg) {
+ System.out.println(msg);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ })
+ .bind(8080); // 4
+```
+
+代码解读
+
+* 1 处,创建 NioEventLoopGroup,可以简单理解为 `线程池 + Selector` 后面会详细展开
+
+* 2 处,选择服务 Scoket 实现类,其中 NioServerSocketChannel 表示基于 NIO 的服务器端实现,其它实现还有
+
+ ![](img/0006.png)
+
+* 3 处,为啥方法叫 childHandler,是接下来添加的处理器都是给 SocketChannel 用的,而不是给 ServerSocketChannel。ChannelInitializer 处理器(仅执行一次),它的作用是待客户端 SocketChannel 建立连接后,执行 initChannel 以便添加更多的处理器
+
+* 4 处,ServerSocketChannel 绑定的监听端口
+
+* 5 处,SocketChannel 的处理器,解码 ByteBuf => String
+
+* 6 处,SocketChannel 的业务处理器,使用上一个处理器的处理结果
+
+
+
+### 2.3 客户端
+
+```java
+new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup()) // 1
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class) // 2
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() { // 3
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder()); // 8
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080) // 4
+ .sync() // 5
+ .channel() // 6
+ .writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!"); // 7
+```
+
+代码解读
+
+* 1 处,创建 NioEventLoopGroup,同 Server
+
+* 2 处,选择客户 Socket 实现类,NioSocketChannel 表示基于 NIO 的客户端实现,其它实现还有
+
+ ![](img/0007.png)
+
+* 3 处,添加 SocketChannel 的处理器,ChannelInitializer 处理器(仅执行一次),它的作用是待客户端 SocketChannel 建立连接后,执行 initChannel 以便添加更多的处理器
+* 4 处,指定要连接的服务器和端口
+* 5 处,Netty 中很多方法都是异步的,如 connect,这时需要使用 sync 方法等待 connect 建立连接完毕
+* 6 处,获取 channel 对象,它即为通道抽象,可以进行数据读写操作
+* 7 处,写入消息并清空缓冲区
+* 8 处,消息会经过通道 handler 处理,这里是将 String => ByteBuf 发出
+* 数据经过网络传输,到达服务器端,服务器端 5 和 6 处的 handler 先后被触发,走完一个流程
+
+
+
+### 2.4 流程梳理
+
+![](img/0040.png)
+
+#### 💡 提示
+
+> 一开始需要树立正确的观念
+>
+> * 把 channel 理解为数据的通道
+> * 把 msg 理解为流动的数据,最开始输入是 ByteBuf,但经过 pipeline 的加工,会变成其它类型对象,最后输出又变成 ByteBuf
+> * 把 handler 理解为数据的处理工序
+> * 工序有多道,合在一起就是 pipeline,pipeline 负责发布事件(读、读取完成...)传播给每个 handler, handler 对自己感兴趣的事件进行处理(重写了相应事件处理方法)
+> * handler 分 Inbound 和 Outbound 两类
+> * 把 eventLoop 理解为处理数据的工人
+> * 工人可以管理多个 channel 的 io 操作,并且一旦工人负责了某个 channel,就要负责到底(绑定)
+> * 工人既可以执行 io 操作,也可以进行任务处理,每位工人有任务队列,队列里可以堆放多个 channel 的待处理任务,任务分为普通任务、定时任务
+> * 工人按照 pipeline 顺序,依次按照 handler 的规划(代码)处理数据,可以为每道工序指定不同的工人
+
+
+
+## 3. 组件
+
+### 3.1 EventLoop
+
+事件循环对象
+
+EventLoop 本质是一个单线程执行器(同时维护了一个 Selector),里面有 run 方法处理 Channel 上源源不断的 io 事件。
+
+它的继承关系比较复杂
+
+* 一条线是继承自 j.u.c.ScheduledExecutorService 因此包含了线程池中所有的方法
+* 另一条线是继承自 netty 自己的 OrderedEventExecutor,
+ * 提供了 boolean inEventLoop(Thread thread) 方法判断一个线程是否属于此 EventLoop
+ * 提供了 parent 方法来看看自己属于哪个 EventLoopGroup
+
+
+
+事件循环组
+
+EventLoopGroup 是一组 EventLoop,Channel 一般会调用 EventLoopGroup 的 register 方法来绑定其中一个 EventLoop,后续这个 Channel 上的 io 事件都由此 EventLoop 来处理(保证了 io 事件处理时的线程安全)
+
+* 继承自 netty 自己的 EventExecutorGroup
+ * 实现了 Iterable 接口提供遍历 EventLoop 的能力
+ * 另有 next 方法获取集合中下一个 EventLoop
+
+
+
+以一个简单的实现为例:
+
+```java
+// 内部创建了两个 EventLoop, 每个 EventLoop 维护一个线程
+DefaultEventLoopGroup group = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
+System.out.println(group.next());
+System.out.println(group.next());
+System.out.println(group.next());
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98
+io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@35f983a6
+io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98
+```
+
+也可以使用 for 循环
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoopGroup group = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
+for (EventExecutor eventLoop : group) {
+ System.out.println(eventLoop);
+}
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@60f82f98
+io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop@35f983a6
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 优雅关闭
+
+优雅关闭 `shutdownGracefully` 方法。该方法会首先切换 `EventLoopGroup` 到关闭状态从而拒绝新的任务的加入,然后在任务队列的任务都处理完成后,停止线程的运行。从而确保整体应用是在正常有序的状态下退出的
+
+
+
+#### 演示 NioEventLoop 处理 io 事件
+
+服务器端两个 nio worker 工人
+
+```java
+new ServerBootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1), new NioEventLoopGroup(2))
+ .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
+ .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ ByteBuf byteBuf = msg instanceof ByteBuf ? ((ByteBuf) msg) : null;
+ if (byteBuf != null) {
+ byte[] buf = new byte[16];
+ ByteBuf len = byteBuf.readBytes(buf, 0, byteBuf.readableBytes());
+ log.debug(new String(buf));
+ }
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ }).bind(8080).sync();
+```
+
+客户端,启动三次,分别修改发送字符串为 zhangsan(第一次),lisi(第二次),wangwu(第三次)
+
+```java
+public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+ Channel channel = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1))
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ System.out.println("init...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ }
+ })
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class).connect("localhost", 8080)
+ .sync()
+ .channel();
+
+ channel.writeAndFlush(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().writeBytes("wangwu".getBytes()));
+ Thread.sleep(2000);
+ channel.writeAndFlush(ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer().writeBytes("wangwu".getBytes()));
+```
+
+最后输出
+
+```
+22:03:34 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan
+22:03:36 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan
+22:05:36 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi
+22:05:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi
+22:06:09 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu
+22:06:11 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu
+```
+
+可以看到两个工人轮流处理 channel,但工人与 channel 之间进行了绑定
+
+![](img/0042.png)
+
+
+
+再增加两个非 nio 工人
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoopGroup normalWorkers = new DefaultEventLoopGroup(2);
+new ServerBootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup(1), new NioEventLoopGroup(2))
+ .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
+ .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(normalWorkers,"myhandler",
+ new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ ByteBuf byteBuf = msg instanceof ByteBuf ? ((ByteBuf) msg) : null;
+ if (byteBuf != null) {
+ byte[] buf = new byte[16];
+ ByteBuf len = byteBuf.readBytes(buf, 0, byteBuf.readableBytes());
+ log.debug(new String(buf));
+ }
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ }).bind(8080).sync();
+```
+
+客户端代码不变,启动三次,分别修改发送字符串为 zhangsan(第一次),lisi(第二次),wangwu(第三次)
+
+输出
+
+```
+22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] REGISTERED
+22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] ACTIVE
+22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 7a 68 61 6e 67 73 61 6e |zhangsan |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:19:48 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ COMPLETE
+22:19:48 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan
+22:19:50 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 7a 68 61 6e 67 73 61 6e |zhangsan |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:19:50 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x251562d5, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52588] READ COMPLETE
+22:19:50 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - zhangsan
+22:20:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] REGISTERED
+22:20:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] ACTIVE
+22:20:25 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ: 4B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6c 69 73 69 |lisi |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:20:25 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ COMPLETE
+22:20:25 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi
+22:20:27 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ: 4B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6c 69 73 69 |lisi |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:20:27 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-2] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94b2a840, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52612] READ COMPLETE
+22:20:27 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-2] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - lisi
+22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] REGISTERED
+22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] ACTIVE
+22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ: 6B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 77 61 6e 67 77 75 |wangwu |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:20:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ COMPLETE
+22:20:38 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu
+22:20:40 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ: 6B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 77 61 6e 67 77 75 |wangwu |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+22:20:40 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-4-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x79a26af9, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:52625] READ COMPLETE
+22:20:40 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest - wangwu
+```
+
+可以看到,nio 工人和 非 nio 工人也分别绑定了 channel(LoggingHandler 由 nio 工人执行,而我们自己的 handler 由非 nio 工人执行)
+
+
+
+![](img/0041.png)
+
+
+
+#### 💡 handler 执行中如何换人?
+
+关键代码 `io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext#invokeChannelRead()`
+
+```java
+static void invokeChannelRead(final AbstractChannelHandlerContext next, Object msg) {
+ final Object m = next.pipeline.touch(ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(msg, "msg"), next);
+ // 下一个 handler 的事件循环是否与当前的事件循环是同一个线程
+ EventExecutor executor = next.executor();
+
+ // 是,直接调用
+ if (executor.inEventLoop()) {
+ next.invokeChannelRead(m);
+ }
+ // 不是,将要执行的代码作为任务提交给下一个事件循环处理(换人)
+ else {
+ executor.execute(new Runnable() {
+ @Override
+ public void run() {
+ next.invokeChannelRead(m);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+}
+```
+
+* 如果两个 handler 绑定的是同一个线程,那么就直接调用
+* 否则,把要调用的代码封装为一个任务对象,由下一个 handler 的线程来调用
+
+
+
+#### 演示 NioEventLoop 处理普通任务
+
+NioEventLoop 除了可以处理 io 事件,同样可以向它提交普通任务
+
+```java
+NioEventLoopGroup nioWorkers = new NioEventLoopGroup(2);
+
+log.debug("server start...");
+Thread.sleep(2000);
+nioWorkers.execute(()->{
+ log.debug("normal task...");
+});
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+22:30:36 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - server start...
+22:30:38 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - normal task...
+```
+
+> 可以用来执行耗时较长的任务
+
+
+
+#### 演示 NioEventLoop 处理定时任务
+
+```java
+NioEventLoopGroup nioWorkers = new NioEventLoopGroup(2);
+
+log.debug("server start...");
+Thread.sleep(2000);
+nioWorkers.scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
+ log.debug("running...");
+}, 0, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+22:35:15 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - server start...
+22:35:17 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
+22:35:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
+22:35:19 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
+22:35:20 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.o.EventLoopTest2 - running...
+...
+```
+
+> 可以用来执行定时任务
+
+
+
+### 3.2 Channel
+
+channel 的主要作用
+
+* close() 可以用来关闭 channel
+* closeFuture() 用来处理 channel 的关闭
+ * sync 方法作用是同步等待 channel 关闭
+ * 而 addListener 方法是异步等待 channel 关闭
+* pipeline() 方法添加处理器
+* write() 方法将数据写入
+* writeAndFlush() 方法将数据写入并刷出
+
+
+
+#### ChannelFuture
+
+这时刚才的客户端代码
+
+```java
+new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080)
+ .sync()
+ .channel()
+ .writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!");
+```
+
+现在把它拆开来看
+
+```java
+ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080); // 1
+
+channelFuture.sync().channel().writeAndFlush(new Date() + ": hello world!");
+```
+
+* 1 处返回的是 ChannelFuture 对象,它的作用是利用 channel() 方法来获取 Channel 对象
+
+**注意** connect 方法是异步的,意味着不等连接建立,方法执行就返回了。因此 channelFuture 对象中不能【立刻】获得到正确的 Channel 对象
+
+实验如下:
+
+```java
+ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
+
+System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 1
+channelFuture.sync(); // 2
+System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 3
+```
+
+* 执行到 1 时,连接未建立,打印 `[id: 0x2e1884dd]`
+* 执行到 2 时,sync 方法是同步等待连接建立完成
+* 执行到 3 时,连接肯定建立了,打印 `[id: 0x2e1884dd, L:/127.0.0.1:57191 - R:/127.0.0.1:8080]`
+
+除了用 sync 方法可以让异步操作同步以外,还可以使用回调的方式:
+
+```java
+ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080);
+System.out.println(channelFuture.channel()); // 1
+channelFuture.addListener((ChannelFutureListener) future -> {
+ System.out.println(future.channel()); // 2
+});
+```
+
+* 执行到 1 时,连接未建立,打印 `[id: 0x749124ba]`
+* ChannelFutureListener 会在连接建立时被调用(其中 operationComplete 方法),因此执行到 2 时,连接肯定建立了,打印 `[id: 0x749124ba, L:/127.0.0.1:57351 - R:/127.0.0.1:8080]`
+
+
+
+#### CloseFuture
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class CloseFutureClient {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+ NioEventLoopGroup group new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(group)
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override // 在连接建立后被调用
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080));
+ Channel channel = channelFuture.sync().channel();
+ log.debug("{}", channel);
+ new Thread(()->{
+ Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+ while (true) {
+ String line = scanner.nextLine();
+ if ("q".equals(line)) {
+ channel.close(); // close 异步操作 1s 之后
+// log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作"); // 不能在这里善后
+ break;
+ }
+ channel.writeAndFlush(line);
+ }
+ }, "input").start();
+
+ // 获取 CloseFuture 对象, 1) 同步处理关闭, 2) 异步处理关闭
+ ChannelFuture closeFuture = channel.closeFuture();
+ /*log.debug("waiting close...");
+ closeFuture.sync();
+ log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作");*/
+ closeFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+ @Override
+ public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("处理关闭之后的操作");
+ group.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ });
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+#### 💡 异步提升的是什么
+
+* 有些同学看到这里会有疑问:为什么不在一个线程中去执行建立连接、去执行关闭 channel,那样不是也可以吗?非要用这么复杂的异步方式:比如一个线程发起建立连接,另一个线程去真正建立连接
+
+* 还有同学会笼统地回答,因为 netty 异步方式用了多线程、多线程就效率高。其实这些认识都比较片面,多线程和异步所提升的效率并不是所认为的
+
+
+
+
+
+思考下面的场景,4 个医生给人看病,每个病人花费 20 分钟,而且医生看病的过程中是以病人为单位的,一个病人看完了,才能看下一个病人。假设病人源源不断地来,可以计算一下 4 个医生一天工作 8 小时,处理的病人总数是:`4 * 8 * 3 = 96`
+
+![](img/0044.png)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+经研究发现,看病可以细分为四个步骤,经拆分后每个步骤需要 5 分钟,如下
+
+![](img/0048.png)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+因此可以做如下优化,只有一开始,医生 2、3、4 分别要等待 5、10、15 分钟才能执行工作,但只要后续病人源源不断地来,他们就能够满负荷工作,并且处理病人的能力提高到了 `4 * 8 * 12` 效率几乎是原来的四倍
+
+![](img/0047.png)
+
+要点
+
+* 单线程没法异步提高效率,必须配合多线程、多核 cpu 才能发挥异步的优势
+* 异步并没有缩短响应时间,反而有所增加
+* 合理进行任务拆分,也是利用异步的关键
+
+
+
+### 3.3 Future & Promise
+
+在异步处理时,经常用到这两个接口
+
+首先要说明 netty 中的 Future 与 jdk 中的 Future 同名,但是是两个接口,netty 的 Future 继承自 jdk 的 Future,而 Promise 又对 netty Future 进行了扩展
+
+* jdk Future 只能同步等待任务结束(或成功、或失败)才能得到结果
+* netty Future 可以同步等待任务结束得到结果,也可以异步方式得到结果,但都是要等任务结束
+* netty Promise 不仅有 netty Future 的功能,而且脱离了任务独立存在,只作为两个线程间传递结果的容器
+
+| 功能/名称 | jdk Future | netty Future | Promise |
+| ------------ | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------ |
+| cancel | 取消任务 | - | - |
+| isCanceled | 任务是否取消 | - | - |
+| isDone | 任务是否完成,不能区分成功失败 | - | - |
+| get | 获取任务结果,阻塞等待 | - | - |
+| getNow | - | 获取任务结果,非阻塞,还未产生结果时返回 null | - |
+| await | - | 等待任务结束,如果任务失败,不会抛异常,而是通过 isSuccess 判断 | - |
+| sync | - | 等待任务结束,如果任务失败,抛出异常 | - |
+| isSuccess | - | 判断任务是否成功 | - |
+| cause | - | 获取失败信息,非阻塞,如果没有失败,返回null | - |
+| addLinstener | - | 添加回调,异步接收结果 | - |
+| setSuccess | - | - | 设置成功结果 |
+| setFailure | - | - | 设置失败结果 |
+
+
+
+#### 例1
+
+同步处理任务成功
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+eventExecutors.execute(()->{
+ try {
+ Thread.sleep(1000);
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ log.debug("set success, {}",10);
+ promise.setSuccess(10);
+});
+
+log.debug("start...");
+log.debug("{}",promise.getNow()); // 还没有结果
+log.debug("{}",promise.get());
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+11:51:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
+11:51:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
+11:51:54 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set success, 10
+11:51:54 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - 10
+```
+
+
+
+#### 例2
+
+异步处理任务成功
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+// 设置回调,异步接收结果
+promise.addListener(future -> {
+ // 这里的 future 就是上面的 promise
+ log.debug("{}",future.getNow());
+});
+
+// 等待 1000 后设置成功结果
+eventExecutors.execute(()->{
+ try {
+ Thread.sleep(1000);
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ log.debug("set success, {}",10);
+ promise.setSuccess(10);
+});
+
+log.debug("start...");
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+11:49:30 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
+11:49:31 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set success, 10
+11:49:31 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - 10
+```
+
+
+
+#### 例3
+
+同步处理任务失败 - sync & get
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+ DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+ eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
+ try {
+ Thread.sleep(1000);
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
+ log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
+ promise.setFailure(e);
+ });
+
+ log.debug("start...");
+ log.debug("{}", promise.getNow());
+ promise.get(); // sync() 也会出现异常,只是 get 会再用 ExecutionException 包一层异常
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+12:11:07 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
+12:11:07 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
+12:11:08 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.AbstractFuture.get(AbstractFuture.java:41)
+ at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest2.main(DefaultPromiseTest2.java:34)
+Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+ at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest2.lambda$main$0(DefaultPromiseTest2.java:27)
+ at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
+ at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
+ at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
+```
+
+
+
+#### 例4
+
+同步处理任务失败 - await
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
+ try {
+ Thread.sleep(1000);
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
+ log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
+ promise.setFailure(e);
+});
+
+log.debug("start...");
+log.debug("{}", promise.getNow());
+promise.await(); // 与 sync 和 get 区别在于,不会抛异常
+log.debug("result {}", (promise.isSuccess() ? promise.getNow() : promise.cause()).toString());
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+12:18:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
+12:18:53 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - null
+12:18:54 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+12:18:54 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - result java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+```
+
+
+
+#### 例5
+
+异步处理任务失败
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+promise.addListener(future -> {
+ log.debug("result {}", (promise.isSuccess() ? promise.getNow() : promise.cause()).toString());
+});
+
+eventExecutors.execute(() -> {
+ try {
+ Thread.sleep(1000);
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException("error...");
+ log.debug("set failure, {}", e.toString());
+ promise.setFailure(e);
+});
+
+log.debug("start...");
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+12:04:57 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - start...
+12:04:58 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - set failure, java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+12:04:58 [DEBUG] [defaultEventLoop-1-1] c.i.o.DefaultPromiseTest2 - result java.lang.RuntimeException: error...
+```
+
+
+
+#### 例6
+
+await 死锁检查
+
+```java
+DefaultEventLoop eventExecutors = new DefaultEventLoop();
+DefaultPromise promise = new DefaultPromise<>(eventExecutors);
+
+eventExecutors.submit(()->{
+ System.out.println("1");
+ try {
+ promise.await();
+ // 注意不能仅捕获 InterruptedException 异常
+ // 否则 死锁检查抛出的 BlockingOperationException 会继续向上传播
+ // 而提交的任务会被包装为 PromiseTask,它的 run 方法中会 catch 所有异常然后设置为 Promise 的失败结果而不会抛出
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ System.out.println("2");
+});
+eventExecutors.submit(()->{
+ System.out.println("3");
+ try {
+ promise.await();
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ System.out.println("4");
+});
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+1
+2
+3
+4
+io.netty.util.concurrent.BlockingOperationException: DefaultPromise@47499c2a(incomplete)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.checkDeadLock(DefaultPromise.java:384)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.await(DefaultPromise.java:212)
+ at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest.lambda$main$0(DefaultPromiseTest.java:27)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask$RunnableAdapter.call(PromiseTask.java:38)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask.run(PromiseTask.java:73)
+ at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
+ at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
+ at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
+io.netty.util.concurrent.BlockingOperationException: DefaultPromise@47499c2a(incomplete)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.checkDeadLock(DefaultPromise.java:384)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.DefaultPromise.await(DefaultPromise.java:212)
+ at com.itcast.oio.DefaultPromiseTest.lambda$main$1(DefaultPromiseTest.java:36)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask$RunnableAdapter.call(PromiseTask.java:38)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.PromiseTask.run(PromiseTask.java:73)
+ at io.netty.channel.DefaultEventLoop.run(DefaultEventLoop.java:54)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.SingleThreadEventExecutor$5.run(SingleThreadEventExecutor.java:918)
+ at io.netty.util.internal.ThreadExecutorMap$2.run(ThreadExecutorMap.java:74)
+ at io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
+ at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:745)
+
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+### 3.4 Handler & Pipeline
+
+ChannelHandler 用来处理 Channel 上的各种事件,分为入站、出站两种。所有 ChannelHandler 被连成一串,就是 Pipeline
+
+* 入站处理器通常是 ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter 的子类,主要用来读取客户端数据,写回结果
+* 出站处理器通常是 ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter 的子类,主要对写回结果进行加工
+
+打个比喻,每个 Channel 是一个产品的加工车间,Pipeline 是车间中的流水线,ChannelHandler 就是流水线上的各道工序,而后面要讲的 ByteBuf 是原材料,经过很多工序的加工:先经过一道道入站工序,再经过一道道出站工序最终变成产品
+
+
+
+先搞清楚顺序,服务端
+
+```java
+new ServerBootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
+ .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ System.out.println(1);
+ ctx.fireChannelRead(msg); // 1
+ }
+ });
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ System.out.println(2);
+ ctx.fireChannelRead(msg); // 2
+ }
+ });
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ System.out.println(3);
+ ctx.channel().write(msg); // 3
+ }
+ });
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg,
+ ChannelPromise promise) {
+ System.out.println(4);
+ ctx.write(msg, promise); // 4
+ }
+ });
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg,
+ ChannelPromise promise) {
+ System.out.println(5);
+ ctx.write(msg, promise); // 5
+ }
+ });
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg,
+ ChannelPromise promise) {
+ System.out.println(6);
+ ctx.write(msg, promise); // 6
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ })
+ .bind(8080);
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+new Bootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(Channel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ }
+ })
+ .connect("127.0.0.1", 8080)
+ .addListener((ChannelFutureListener) future -> {
+ future.channel().writeAndFlush("hello,world");
+ });
+```
+
+服务器端打印:
+
+```
+1
+2
+3
+6
+5
+4
+```
+
+可以看到,ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter 是按照 addLast 的顺序执行的,而 ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter 是按照 addLast 的逆序执行的。ChannelPipeline 的实现是一个 ChannelHandlerContext(包装了 ChannelHandler) 组成的双向链表
+
+![](img/0008.png)
+
+* 入站处理器中,ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 是 **调用下一个入站处理器**
+ * 如果注释掉 1 处代码,则仅会打印 1
+ * 如果注释掉 2 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2
+* 3 处的 ctx.channel().write(msg) 会 **从尾部开始触发** 后续出站处理器的执行
+ * 如果注释掉 3 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2 3
+* 类似的,出站处理器中,ctx.write(msg, promise) 的调用也会 **触发上一个出站处理器**
+ * 如果注释掉 6 处代码,则仅会打印 1 2 3 6
+* ctx.channel().write(msg) vs ctx.write(msg)
+ * 都是触发出站处理器的执行
+ * ctx.channel().write(msg) 从尾部开始查找出站处理器
+ * ctx.write(msg) 是从当前节点找上一个出站处理器
+ * 3 处的 ctx.channel().write(msg) 如果改为 ctx.write(msg) 仅会打印 1 2 3,因为节点3 之前没有其它出站处理器了
+ * 6 处的 ctx.write(msg, promise) 如果改为 ctx.channel().write(msg) 会打印 1 2 3 6 6 6... 因为 ctx.channel().write() 是从尾部开始查找,结果又是节点6 自己
+
+
+
+图1 - 服务端 pipeline 触发的原始流程,图中数字代表了处理步骤的先后次序
+
+![](img/0009.png)
+
+
+
+### 3.5 ByteBuf
+
+是对字节数据的封装
+
+#### 1)创建
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(10);
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+上面代码创建了一个默认的 ByteBuf(池化基于直接内存的 ByteBuf),初始容量是 10
+
+输出
+
+```
+read index:0 write index:0 capacity:10
+```
+
+其中 log 方法参考如下
+
+```java
+private static void log(ByteBuf buffer) {
+ int length = buffer.readableBytes();
+ int rows = length / 16 + (length % 15 == 0 ? 0 : 1) + 4;
+ StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(rows * 80 * 2)
+ .append("read index:").append(buffer.readerIndex())
+ .append(" write index:").append(buffer.writerIndex())
+ .append(" capacity:").append(buffer.capacity())
+ .append(NEWLINE);
+ appendPrettyHexDump(buf, buffer);
+ System.out.println(buf.toString());
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 2)直接内存 vs 堆内存
+
+可以使用下面的代码来创建池化基于堆的 ByteBuf
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.heapBuffer(10);
+```
+
+也可以使用下面的代码来创建池化基于直接内存的 ByteBuf
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buffer = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.directBuffer(10);
+```
+
+* 直接内存创建和销毁的代价昂贵,但读写性能高(少一次内存复制),适合配合池化功能一起用
+* 直接内存对 GC 压力小,因为这部分内存不受 JVM 垃圾回收的管理,但也要注意及时主动释放
+
+
+
+#### 3)池化 vs 非池化
+
+池化的最大意义在于可以重用 ByteBuf,优点有
+
+* 没有池化,则每次都得创建新的 ByteBuf 实例,这个操作对直接内存代价昂贵,就算是堆内存,也会增加 GC 压力
+* 有了池化,则可以重用池中 ByteBuf 实例,并且采用了与 jemalloc 类似的内存分配算法提升分配效率
+* 高并发时,池化功能更节约内存,减少内存溢出的可能
+
+池化功能是否开启,可以通过下面的系统环境变量来设置
+
+```java
+-Dio.netty.allocator.type={unpooled|pooled}
+```
+
+* 4.1 以后,非 Android 平台默认启用池化实现,Android 平台启用非池化实现
+* 4.1 之前,池化功能还不成熟,默认是非池化实现
+
+
+
+#### 4)组成
+
+ByteBuf 由四部分组成
+
+![](img/0010.png)
+
+最开始读写指针都在 0 位置
+
+
+
+#### 5)写入
+
+方法列表,省略一些不重要的方法
+
+| 方法签名 | 含义 | 备注 |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
+| writeBoolean(boolean value) | 写入 boolean 值 | 用一字节 01\|00 代表 true\|false |
+| writeByte(int value) | 写入 byte 值 | |
+| writeShort(int value) | 写入 short 值 | |
+| writeInt(int value) | 写入 int 值 | Big Endian,即 0x250,写入后 00 00 02 50 |
+| writeIntLE(int value) | 写入 int 值 | Little Endian,即 0x250,写入后 50 02 00 00 |
+| writeLong(long value) | 写入 long 值 | |
+| writeChar(int value) | 写入 char 值 | |
+| writeFloat(float value) | 写入 float 值 | |
+| writeDouble(double value) | 写入 double 值 | |
+| writeBytes(ByteBuf src) | 写入 netty 的 ByteBuf | |
+| writeBytes(byte[] src) | 写入 byte[] | |
+| writeBytes(ByteBuffer src) | 写入 nio 的 ByteBuffer | |
+| int writeCharSequence(CharSequence sequence, Charset charset) | 写入字符串 | |
+
+> 注意
+>
+> * 这些方法的未指明返回值的,其返回值都是 ByteBuf,意味着可以链式调用
+> * 网络传输,默认习惯是 Big Endian
+
+
+
+先写入 4 个字节
+
+```java
+buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+结果是
+
+```
+read index:0 write index:4 capacity:10
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 |.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+再写入一个 int 整数,也是 4 个字节
+
+```java
+buffer.writeInt(5);
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+结果是
+
+```
+read index:0 write index:8 capacity:10
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 00 00 00 05 |........ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+还有一类方法是 set 开头的一系列方法,也可以写入数据,但不会改变写指针位置
+
+
+
+#### 6)扩容
+
+再写入一个 int 整数时,容量不够了(初始容量是 10),这时会引发扩容
+
+```java
+buffer.writeInt(6);
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+扩容规则是
+
+* 如何写入后数据大小未超过 512,则选择下一个 16 的整数倍,例如写入后大小为 12 ,则扩容后 capacity 是 16
+* 如果写入后数据大小超过 512,则选择下一个 2^n,例如写入后大小为 513,则扩容后 capacity 是 2^10=1024(2^9=512 已经不够了)
+* 扩容不能超过 max capacity 会报错
+
+结果是
+
+```
+read index:0 write index:12 capacity:16
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06 |............ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+#### 7)读取
+
+例如读了 4 次,每次一个字节
+
+```java
+System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
+System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
+System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
+System.out.println(buffer.readByte());
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+读过的内容,就属于废弃部分了,再读只能读那些尚未读取的部分
+
+```
+1
+2
+3
+4
+read index:4 write index:12 capacity:16
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06 |........ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+如果需要重复读取 int 整数 5,怎么办?
+
+可以在 read 前先做个标记 mark
+
+```java
+buffer.markReaderIndex();
+System.out.println(buffer.readInt());
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+结果
+
+```
+5
+read index:8 write index:12 capacity:16
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 00 00 06 |.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+这时要重复读取的话,重置到标记位置 reset
+
+```java
+buffer.resetReaderIndex();
+log(buffer);
+```
+
+这时
+
+```
+read index:4 write index:12 capacity:16
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 06 |........ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+还有种办法是采用 get 开头的一系列方法,这些方法不会改变 read index
+
+
+
+#### 8)retain & release
+
+由于 Netty 中有堆外内存的 ByteBuf 实现,堆外内存最好是手动来释放,而不是等 GC 垃圾回收。
+
+* UnpooledHeapByteBuf 使用的是 JVM 内存,只需等 GC 回收内存即可
+* UnpooledDirectByteBuf 使用的就是直接内存了,需要特殊的方法来回收内存
+* PooledByteBuf 和它的子类使用了池化机制,需要更复杂的规则来回收内存
+
+
+
+> 回收内存的源码实现,请关注下面方法的不同实现
+>
+> `protected abstract void deallocate()`
+
+
+
+Netty 这里采用了引用计数法来控制回收内存,每个 ByteBuf 都实现了 ReferenceCounted 接口
+
+* 每个 ByteBuf 对象的初始计数为 1
+* 调用 release 方法计数减 1,如果计数为 0,ByteBuf 内存被回收
+* 调用 retain 方法计数加 1,表示调用者没用完之前,其它 handler 即使调用了 release 也不会造成回收
+* 当计数为 0 时,底层内存会被回收,这时即使 ByteBuf 对象还在,其各个方法均无法正常使用
+
+
+
+谁来负责 release 呢?
+
+不是我们想象的(一般情况下)
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buf = ...
+try {
+ ...
+} finally {
+ buf.release();
+}
+```
+
+请思考,因为 pipeline 的存在,一般需要将 ByteBuf 传递给下一个 ChannelHandler,如果在 finally 中 release 了,就失去了传递性(当然,如果在这个 ChannelHandler 内这个 ByteBuf 已完成了它的使命,那么便无须再传递)
+
+基本规则是,**谁是最后使用者,谁负责 release**,详细分析如下
+
+* 起点,对于 NIO 实现来讲,在 io.netty.channel.nio.AbstractNioByteChannel.NioByteUnsafe#read 方法中首次创建 ByteBuf 放入 pipeline(line 163 pipeline.fireChannelRead(byteBuf))
+* 入站 ByteBuf 处理原则
+ * 对原始 ByteBuf 不做处理,调用 ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 向后传递,这时无须 release
+ * 将原始 ByteBuf 转换为其它类型的 Java 对象,这时 ByteBuf 就没用了,必须 release
+ * 如果不调用 ctx.fireChannelRead(msg) 向后传递,那么也必须 release
+ * 注意各种异常,如果 ByteBuf 没有成功传递到下一个 ChannelHandler,必须 release
+ * 假设消息一直向后传,那么 TailContext 会负责释放未处理消息(原始的 ByteBuf)
+* 出站 ByteBuf 处理原则
+ * 出站消息最终都会转为 ByteBuf 输出,一直向前传,由 HeadContext flush 后 release
+* 异常处理原则
+ * 有时候不清楚 ByteBuf 被引用了多少次,但又必须彻底释放,可以循环调用 release 直到返回 true
+
+
+
+TailContext 释放未处理消息逻辑
+
+```java
+// io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline#onUnhandledInboundMessage(java.lang.Object)
+protected void onUnhandledInboundMessage(Object msg) {
+ try {
+ logger.debug(
+ "Discarded inbound message {} that reached at the tail of the pipeline. " +
+ "Please check your pipeline configuration.", msg);
+ } finally {
+ ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
+ }
+}
+```
+
+具体代码
+
+```java
+// io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil#release(java.lang.Object)
+public static boolean release(Object msg) {
+ if (msg instanceof ReferenceCounted) {
+ return ((ReferenceCounted) msg).release();
+ }
+ return false;
+}
+```
+
+
+
+#### 9)slice
+
+【零拷贝】的体现之一,对原始 ByteBuf 进行切片成多个 ByteBuf,切片后的 ByteBuf 并没有发生内存复制,还是使用原始 ByteBuf 的内存,切片后的 ByteBuf 维护独立的 read,write 指针
+
+![](img/0011.png)
+
+例,原始 ByteBuf 进行一些初始操作
+
+```java
+ByteBuf origin = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(10);
+origin.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
+origin.readByte();
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 02 03 04 |... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+这时调用 slice 进行切片,无参 slice 是从原始 ByteBuf 的 read index 到 write index 之间的内容进行切片,切片后的 max capacity 被固定为这个区间的大小,因此不能追加 write
+
+```java
+ByteBuf slice = origin.slice();
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));
+// slice.writeByte(5); 如果执行,会报 IndexOutOfBoundsException 异常
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 02 03 04 |... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+如果原始 ByteBuf 再次读操作(又读了一个字节)
+
+```java
+origin.readByte();
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 03 04 |.. |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+这时的 slice 不受影响,因为它有独立的读写指针
+
+```java
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 02 03 04 |... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+如果 slice 的内容发生了更改
+
+```java
+slice.setByte(2, 5);
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(slice));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 02 03 05 |... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+这时,原始 ByteBuf 也会受影响,因为底层都是同一块内存
+
+```
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(origin));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 03 05 |.. |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+#### 10)duplicate
+
+【零拷贝】的体现之一,就好比截取了原始 ByteBuf 所有内容,并且没有 max capacity 的限制,也是与原始 ByteBuf 使用同一块底层内存,只是读写指针是独立的
+
+![](img/0012.png)
+
+
+
+#### 11)copy
+
+会将底层内存数据进行深拷贝,因此无论读写,都与原始 ByteBuf 无关
+
+
+
+#### 12)CompositeByteBuf
+
+【零拷贝】的体现之一,可以将多个 ByteBuf 合并为一个逻辑上的 ByteBuf,避免拷贝
+
+有两个 ByteBuf 如下
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buf1 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
+buf1.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
+ByteBuf buf2 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
+buf2.writeBytes(new byte[]{6, 7, 8, 9, 10});
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf1));
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf2));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 |..... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 06 07 08 09 0a |..... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+现在需要一个新的 ByteBuf,内容来自于刚才的 buf1 和 buf2,如何实现?
+
+方法1:
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buf3 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT
+ .buffer(buf1.readableBytes()+buf2.readableBytes());
+buf3.writeBytes(buf1);
+buf3.writeBytes(buf2);
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf3));
+```
+
+结果
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a |.......... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+这种方法好不好?回答是不太好,因为进行了数据的内存复制操作
+
+
+
+方法2:
+
+```java
+CompositeByteBuf buf3 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.compositeBuffer();
+// true 表示增加新的 ByteBuf 自动递增 write index, 否则 write index 会始终为 0
+buf3.addComponents(true, buf1, buf2);
+```
+
+结果是一样的
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a |.......... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+CompositeByteBuf 是一个组合的 ByteBuf,它内部维护了一个 Component 数组,每个 Component 管理一个 ByteBuf,记录了这个 ByteBuf 相对于整体偏移量等信息,代表着整体中某一段的数据。
+
+* 优点,对外是一个虚拟视图,组合这些 ByteBuf 不会产生内存复制
+* 缺点,复杂了很多,多次操作会带来性能的损耗
+
+
+
+#### 13)Unpooled
+
+Unpooled 是一个工具类,类如其名,提供了非池化的 ByteBuf 创建、组合、复制等操作
+
+这里仅介绍其跟【零拷贝】相关的 wrappedBuffer 方法,可以用来包装 ByteBuf
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buf1 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
+buf1.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
+ByteBuf buf2 = ByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT.buffer(5);
+buf2.writeBytes(new byte[]{6, 7, 8, 9, 10});
+
+// 当包装 ByteBuf 个数超过一个时, 底层使用了 CompositeByteBuf
+ByteBuf buf3 = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(buf1, buf2);
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf3));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a |.......... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+也可以用来包装普通字节数组,底层也不会有拷贝操作
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buf4 = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(new byte[]{1, 2, 3}, new byte[]{4, 5, 6});
+System.out.println(buf4.getClass());
+System.out.println(ByteBufUtil.prettyHexDump(buf4));
+```
+
+输出
+
+```
+class io.netty.buffer.CompositeByteBuf
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 01 02 03 04 05 06 |...... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+```
+
+
+
+#### 💡 ByteBuf 优势
+
+* 池化 - 可以重用池中 ByteBuf 实例,更节约内存,减少内存溢出的可能
+* 读写指针分离,不需要像 ByteBuffer 一样切换读写模式
+* 可以自动扩容
+* 支持链式调用,使用更流畅
+* 很多地方体现零拷贝,例如 slice、duplicate、CompositeByteBuf
+
+
+
+## 4. 双向通信
+
+### 4.1 练习
+
+实现一个 echo server
+
+编写 server
+
+```java
+new ServerBootstrap()
+ .group(new NioEventLoopGroup())
+ .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
+ .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ ByteBuf buffer = (ByteBuf) msg;
+ System.out.println(buffer.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));
+
+ // 建议使用 ctx.alloc() 创建 ByteBuf
+ ByteBuf response = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ response.writeBytes(buffer);
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
+
+ // 思考:需要释放 buffer 吗
+ // 思考:需要释放 response 吗
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ }).bind(8080);
+```
+
+编写 client
+
+```java
+NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+Channel channel = new Bootstrap()
+ .group(group)
+ .channel(NioSocketChannel.class)
+ .handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(NioSocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringEncoder());
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) {
+ ByteBuf buffer = (ByteBuf) msg;
+ System.out.println(buffer.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));
+
+ // 思考:需要释放 buffer 吗
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ }).connect("127.0.0.1", 8080).sync().channel();
+
+channel.closeFuture().addListener(future -> {
+ group.shutdownGracefully();
+});
+
+new Thread(() -> {
+ Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+ while (true) {
+ String line = scanner.nextLine();
+ if ("q".equals(line)) {
+ channel.close();
+ break;
+ }
+ channel.writeAndFlush(line);
+ }
+}).start();
+```
+
+
+
+### 💡 读和写的误解
+
+
+
+我最初在认识上有这样的误区,认为只有在 netty,nio 这样的多路复用 IO 模型时,读写才不会相互阻塞,才可以实现高效的双向通信,但实际上,Java Socket 是全双工的:在任意时刻,线路上存在`A 到 B` 和 `B 到 A` 的双向信号传输。即使是阻塞 IO,读和写是可以同时进行的,只要分别采用读线程和写线程即可,读不会阻塞写、写也不会阻塞读
+
+
+
+例如
+
+```java
+public class TestServer {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(8888);
+ Socket s = ss.accept();
+
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
+ while (true) {
+ System.out.println(reader.readLine());
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream()));
+ // 例如在这个位置加入 thread 级别断点,可以发现即使不写入数据,也不妨碍前面线程读取客户端数据
+ for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+ writer.write(String.valueOf(i));
+ writer.newLine();
+ writer.flush();
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端
+
+```java
+public class TestClient {
+ public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+ Socket s = new Socket("localhost", 8888);
+
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s.getInputStream()));
+ while (true) {
+ System.out.println(reader.readLine());
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+
+ new Thread(() -> {
+ try {
+ BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(s.getOutputStream()));
+ for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+ writer.write(String.valueOf(i));
+ writer.newLine();
+ writer.flush();
+ }
+ } catch (IOException e) {
+ e.printStackTrace();
+ }
+ }).start();
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/nio/文档/Netty03-进阶.md b/nio/文档/Netty03-进阶.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0451ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nio/文档/Netty03-进阶.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1670 @@
+# 三. Netty 进阶
+
+## 1. 粘包与半包
+
+### 1.1 粘包现象
+
+服务端代码
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldServer {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldServer.class);
+ void start() {
+ NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
+ serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
+ serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
+ serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("connected {}", ctx.channel());
+ super.channelActive(ctx);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("disconnect {}", ctx.channel());
+ super.channelInactive(ctx);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(8080);
+ log.debug("{} binding...", channelFuture.channel());
+ channelFuture.sync();
+ log.debug("{} bound...", channelFuture.channel());
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("server error", e);
+ } finally {
+ boss.shutdownGracefully();
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ log.debug("stoped");
+ }
+ }
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ new HelloWorldServer().start();
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端代码希望发送 10 个消息,每个消息是 16 字节
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldClient {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("connetted...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("sending...");
+ Random r = new Random();
+ char c = 'a';
+ for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+ }
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("127.0.0.1", 8080).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+ } finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+服务器端的某次输出,可以看到一次就接收了 160 个字节,而非分 10 次接收
+
+```
+08:24:46 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x81e0fda5] binding...
+08:24:46 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x81e0fda5, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080] bound...
+08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] REGISTERED
+08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] ACTIVE
+08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177]
+08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] READ: 160B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000010| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000020| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000030| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000040| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000050| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000060| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000070| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000080| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000090| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+08:24:55 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x94132411, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:58177] READ COMPLETE
+```
+
+
+
+### 1.2 半包现象
+
+客户端代码希望发送 1 个消息,这个消息是 160 字节,代码改为
+
+```java
+ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
+}
+ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+```
+
+为现象明显,服务端修改一下接收缓冲区,其它代码不变
+
+```java
+serverBootstrap.option(ChannelOption.SO_RCVBUF, 10);
+```
+
+服务器端的某次输出,可以看到接收的消息被分为两节,第一次 20 字节,第二次 140 字节
+
+```
+08:43:49 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x4d6c6a84] binding...
+08:43:49 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0x4d6c6a84, L:/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:8080] bound...
+08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] REGISTERED
+08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] ACTIVE
+08:44:23 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221]
+08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ: 20B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |................|
+|00000010| 00 01 02 03 |.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ COMPLETE
+08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ: 140B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000010| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000020| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000030| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000040| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000050| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000060| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000070| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 00 01 02 03 |................|
+|00000080| 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f |............ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+08:44:24 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1719abf7, L:/127.0.0.1:8080 - R:/127.0.0.1:59221] READ COMPLETE
+```
+
+> **注意**
+>
+> serverBootstrap.option(ChannelOption.SO_RCVBUF, 10) 影响的底层接收缓冲区(即滑动窗口)大小,仅决定了 netty 读取的最小单位,netty 实际每次读取的一般是它的整数倍
+
+
+
+### 1.3 现象分析
+
+粘包
+
+* 现象,发送 abc def,接收 abcdef
+* 原因
+ * 应用层:接收方 ByteBuf 设置太大(Netty 默认 1024)
+ * 滑动窗口:假设发送方 256 bytes 表示一个完整报文,但由于接收方处理不及时且窗口大小足够大,这 256 bytes 字节就会缓冲在接收方的滑动窗口中,当滑动窗口中缓冲了多个报文就会粘包
+ * Nagle 算法:会造成粘包
+
+半包
+
+* 现象,发送 abcdef,接收 abc def
+* 原因
+ * 应用层:接收方 ByteBuf 小于实际发送数据量
+ * 滑动窗口:假设接收方的窗口只剩了 128 bytes,发送方的报文大小是 256 bytes,这时放不下了,只能先发送前 128 bytes,等待 ack 后才能发送剩余部分,这就造成了半包
+ * MSS 限制:当发送的数据超过 MSS 限制后,会将数据切分发送,就会造成半包
+
+
+
+本质是因为 TCP 是流式协议,消息无边界
+
+
+
+> 滑动窗口
+>
+> * TCP 以一个段(segment)为单位,每发送一个段就需要进行一次确认应答(ack)处理,但如果这么做,缺点是包的往返时间越长性能就越差
+>
+> ![](img/0049.png)
+>
+>
+>
+> * 为了解决此问题,引入了窗口概念,窗口大小即决定了无需等待应答而可以继续发送的数据最大值
+>
+> ![](img/0051.png)
+>
+> * 窗口实际就起到一个缓冲区的作用,同时也能起到流量控制的作用
+>
+> * 图中深色的部分即要发送的数据,高亮的部分即窗口
+> * 窗口内的数据才允许被发送,当应答未到达前,窗口必须停止滑动
+> * 如果 1001~2000 这个段的数据 ack 回来了,窗口就可以向前滑动
+> * 接收方也会维护一个窗口,只有落在窗口内的数据才能允许接收
+>
+
+
+
+> MSS 限制
+>
+> * 链路层对一次能够发送的最大数据有限制,这个限制称之为 MTU(maximum transmission unit),不同的链路设备的 MTU 值也有所不同,例如
+>
+> * 以太网的 MTU 是 1500
+> * FDDI(光纤分布式数据接口)的 MTU 是 4352
+> * 本地回环地址的 MTU 是 65535 - 本地测试不走网卡
+>
+> * MSS 是最大段长度(maximum segment size),它是 MTU 刨去 tcp 头和 ip 头后剩余能够作为数据传输的字节数
+>
+> * ipv4 tcp 头占用 20 bytes,ip 头占用 20 bytes,因此以太网 MSS 的值为 1500 - 40 = 1460
+> * TCP 在传递大量数据时,会按照 MSS 大小将数据进行分割发送
+> * MSS 的值在三次握手时通知对方自己 MSS 的值,然后在两者之间选择一个小值作为 MSS
+>
+>
+
+
+
+> Nagle 算法
+>
+> * 即使发送一个字节,也需要加入 tcp 头和 ip 头,也就是总字节数会使用 41 bytes,非常不经济。因此为了提高网络利用率,tcp 希望尽可能发送足够大的数据,这就是 Nagle 算法产生的缘由
+> * 该算法是指发送端即使还有应该发送的数据,但如果这部分数据很少的话,则进行延迟发送
+> * 如果 SO_SNDBUF 的数据达到 MSS,则需要发送
+> * 如果 SO_SNDBUF 中含有 FIN(表示需要连接关闭)这时将剩余数据发送,再关闭
+> * 如果 TCP_NODELAY = true,则需要发送
+> * 已发送的数据都收到 ack 时,则需要发送
+> * 上述条件不满足,但发生超时(一般为 200ms)则需要发送
+> * 除上述情况,延迟发送
+
+
+
+### 1.4 解决方案
+
+1. 短链接,发一个包建立一次连接,这样连接建立到连接断开之间就是消息的边界,缺点效率太低
+2. 每一条消息采用固定长度,缺点浪费空间
+3. 每一条消息采用分隔符,例如 \n,缺点需要转义
+4. 每一条消息分为 head 和 body,head 中包含 body 的长度
+
+
+
+#### 方法1,短链接
+
+以解决粘包为例
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldClient {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ // 分 10 次发送
+ for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ send();
+ }
+ }
+
+ private static void send() {
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("conneted...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("sending...");
+ ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ buffer.writeBytes(new byte[]{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15});
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+ // 发完即关
+ ctx.close();
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 8080).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+ } finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+输出,略
+
+> 半包用这种办法还是不好解决,因为接收方的缓冲区大小是有限的
+
+
+
+#### 方法2,固定长度
+
+让所有数据包长度固定(假设长度为 8 字节),服务器端加入
+
+```java
+ch.pipeline().addLast(new FixedLengthFrameDecoder(8));
+```
+
+客户端测试代码,注意, 采用这种方法后,客户端什么时候 flush 都可以
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldClient {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("connetted...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("sending...");
+ // 发送内容随机的数据包
+ Random r = new Random();
+ char c = 'a';
+ ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ byte[] bytes = new byte[8];
+ for (int j = 0; j < r.nextInt(8); j++) {
+ bytes[j] = (byte) c;
+ }
+ c++;
+ buffer.writeBytes(bytes);
+ }
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+ } finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端输出
+
+```
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2] REGISTERED
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 80B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 61 61 61 00 00 00 00 62 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |aaaa....b.......|
+|00000010| 63 63 00 00 00 00 00 00 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |cc......d.......|
+|00000020| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 66 66 66 66 00 00 00 00 |........ffff....|
+|00000030| 67 67 67 00 00 00 00 00 68 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |ggg.....h.......|
+|00000040| 69 69 69 69 69 00 00 00 6a 6a 6a 6a 00 00 00 00 |iiiii...jjjj....|
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x3c2ef3c2, L:/192.168.0.103:53155 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH
+```
+
+服务端输出
+
+```
+12:06:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xe3d9713f] binding...
+12:06:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xe3d9713f, L:/192.168.0.103:9090] bound...
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] REGISTERED
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] ACTIVE
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155]
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 61 61 61 00 00 00 00 |aaaa.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 62 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |b....... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 63 63 00 00 00 00 00 00 |cc...... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 64 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |d....... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........ |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 66 66 66 66 00 00 00 00 |ffff.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 67 67 67 00 00 00 00 00 |ggg..... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 68 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |h....... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 00 00 00 |iiiii... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 00 00 00 00 |jjjj.... |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+12:07:00 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xd739f137, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:53155] READ COMPLETE
+```
+
+缺点是,数据包的大小不好把握
+
+* 长度定的太大,浪费
+* 长度定的太小,对某些数据包又显得不够
+
+
+
+#### 方法3,固定分隔符
+
+服务端加入,默认以 \n 或 \r\n 作为分隔符,如果超出指定长度仍未出现分隔符,则抛出异常
+
+```java
+ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));
+```
+
+客户端在每条消息之后,加入 \n 分隔符
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldClient {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("connetted...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("sending...");
+ Random r = new Random();
+ char c = 'a';
+ ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ for (int j = 1; j <= r.nextInt(16)+1; j++) {
+ buffer.writeByte((byte) c);
+ }
+ buffer.writeByte(10);
+ c++;
+ }
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+ } finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+客户端输出
+
+```
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755] REGISTERED
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 60B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 0a 62 62 62 0a 63 63 63 0a 64 64 0a 65 65 65 |a.bbb.ccc.dd.eee|
+|00000010| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 0a 66 66 0a 67 67 67 67 67 |eeeeeee.ff.ggggg|
+|00000020| 67 67 0a 68 68 68 68 0a 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 0a |gg.hhhh.iiiiiii.|
+|00000030| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 0a |jjjjjjjjjjj. |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x1282d755, L:/192.168.0.103:63641 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH
+```
+
+
+
+服务端输出
+
+```
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641]
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 1B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 |a |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 3B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 62 62 62 |bbb |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 3B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 63 63 63 |ccc |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 2B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 64 64 |dd |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 10B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 |eeeeeeeeee |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 2B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 66 66 |ff |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 7B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 |ggggggg |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 4B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 68 68 68 68 |hhhh |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 7B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 |iiiiiii |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ: 11B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a |jjjjjjjjjjj |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:08:18 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-5] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xa4b3be43, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:63641] READ COMPLETE
+```
+
+缺点,处理字符数据比较合适,但如果内容本身包含了分隔符(字节数据常常会有此情况),那么就会解析错误
+
+
+
+#### 方法4,预设长度
+
+在发送消息前,先约定用定长字节表示接下来数据的长度
+
+```java
+// 最大长度,长度偏移,长度占用字节,长度调整,剥离字节数
+ch.pipeline().addLast(new LengthFieldBasedFrameDecoder(1024, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+```
+
+客户端代码
+
+```java
+public class HelloWorldClient {
+ static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldClient.class);
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+ try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("connetted...");
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("sending...");
+ Random r = new Random();
+ char c = 'a';
+ ByteBuf buffer = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+ byte length = (byte) (r.nextInt(16) + 1);
+ // 先写入长度
+ buffer.writeByte(length);
+ // 再
+ for (int j = 1; j <= length; j++) {
+ buffer.writeByte((byte) c);
+ }
+ c++;
+ }
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("192.168.0.103", 9090).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+
+ } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+ } finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+ }
+ }
+}
+```
+
+
+
+客户端输出
+
+```
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - connetted...
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8] REGISTERED
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8] CONNECT: /192.168.0.103:9090
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] ACTIVE
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldClient - sending...
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] WRITE: 97B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 09 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 09 62 62 62 62 62 |.aaaaaaaaa.bbbbb|
+|00000010| 62 62 62 62 06 63 63 63 63 63 63 08 64 64 64 64 |bbbb.cccccc.dddd|
+|00000020| 64 64 64 64 0f 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 |dddd.eeeeeeeeeee|
+|00000030| 65 65 65 65 0d 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 |eeee.fffffffffff|
+|00000040| 66 66 02 67 67 02 68 68 0e 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 |ff.gg.hh.iiiiiii|
+|00000050| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 09 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a |iiiiiii.jjjjjjjj|
+|00000060| 6a |j |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-2-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0xf0f347b8, L:/192.168.0.103:49979 - R:/192.168.0.103:9090] FLUSH
+```
+
+
+
+服务端输出
+
+```
+14:36:50 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xdff439d3] binding...
+14:36:51 [DEBUG] [main] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - [id: 0xdff439d3, L:/192.168.0.103:9090] bound...
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] REGISTERED
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] ACTIVE
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] c.i.n.HelloWorldServer - connected [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979]
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 |aaaaaaaaa |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 |bbbbbbbbb |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 6B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 63 63 63 63 63 63 |cccccc |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 8B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 |dddddddd |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 15B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 |eeeeeeeeeeeeeee |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 13B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 |fffffffffffff |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 2B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 67 67 |gg |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 2B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 68 68 |hh |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 14B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 |iiiiiiiiiiiiii |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ: 9B
+ +-------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+|00000000| 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a 6a |jjjjjjjjj |
++--------+-------------------------------------------------+----------------+
+14:37:10 [DEBUG] [nioEventLoopGroup-3-1] i.n.h.l.LoggingHandler - [id: 0x744f2b47, L:/192.168.0.103:9090 - R:/192.168.0.103:49979] READ COMPLETE
+
+```
+
+
+
+## 2. 协议设计与解析
+
+### 2.1 为什么需要协议?
+
+TCP/IP 中消息传输基于流的方式,没有边界。
+
+协议的目的就是划定消息的边界,制定通信双方要共同遵守的通信规则
+
+例如:在网络上传输
+
+```
+下雨天留客天留我不留
+```
+
+是中文一句著名的无标点符号句子,在没有标点符号情况下,这句话有数种拆解方式,而意思却是完全不同,所以常被用作讲述标点符号的重要性
+
+一种解读
+
+```
+下雨天留客,天留,我不留
+```
+
+另一种解读
+
+```
+下雨天,留客天,留我不?留
+```
+
+
+
+如何设计协议呢?其实就是给网络传输的信息加上“标点符号”。但通过分隔符来断句不是很好,因为分隔符本身如果用于传输,那么必须加以区分。因此,下面一种协议较为常用
+
+```
+定长字节表示内容长度 + 实际内容
+```
+
+例如,假设一个中文字符长度为 3,按照上述协议的规则,发送信息方式如下,就不会被接收方弄错意思了
+
+```
+0f下雨天留客06天留09我不留
+```
+
+
+
+> 小故事
+>
+> 很久很久以前,一位私塾先生到一家任教。双方签订了一纸协议:“无鸡鸭亦可无鱼肉亦可白菜豆腐不可少不得束修金”。此后,私塾先生虽然认真教课,但主人家则总是给私塾先生以白菜豆腐为菜,丝毫未见鸡鸭鱼肉的款待。私塾先生先是很不解,可是后来也就想通了:主人把鸡鸭鱼肉的钱都会换为束修金的,也罢。至此双方相安无事。
+>
+> 年关将至,一个学年段亦告结束。私塾先生临行时,也不见主人家为他交付束修金,遂与主家理论。然主家亦振振有词:“有协议为证——无鸡鸭亦可,无鱼肉亦可,白菜豆腐不可少,不得束修金。这白纸黑字明摆着的,你有什么要说的呢?”
+>
+> 私塾先生据理力争:“协议是这样的——无鸡,鸭亦可;无鱼,肉亦可;白菜豆腐不可,少不得束修金。”
+>
+> 双方唇枪舌战,你来我往,真个是不亦乐乎!
+>
+> 这里的束修金,也作“束脩”,应当是泛指教师应当得到的报酬
+
+
+
+### 2.2 redis 协议举例
+
+```java
+NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+byte[] LINE = {13, 10};
+try {
+ Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
+ bootstrap.channel(NioSocketChannel.class);
+ bootstrap.group(worker);
+ bootstrap.handler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler());
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ // 会在连接 channel 建立成功后,会触发 active 事件
+ @Override
+ public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
+ set(ctx);
+ get(ctx);
+ }
+ private void get(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
+ ByteBuf buf = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ buf.writeBytes("*2".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("get".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("aaa".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
+ }
+ private void set(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
+ ByteBuf buf = ctx.alloc().buffer();
+ buf.writeBytes("*3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("set".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("aaa".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("$3".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ buf.writeBytes("bbb".getBytes());
+ buf.writeBytes(LINE);
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(buf);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
+ ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf) msg;
+ System.out.println(buf.toString(Charset.defaultCharset()));
+ }
+ });
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = bootstrap.connect("localhost", 6379).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("client error", e);
+} finally {
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+}
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.3 http 协议举例
+
+```java
+NioEventLoopGroup boss = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+NioEventLoopGroup worker = new NioEventLoopGroup();
+try {
+ ServerBootstrap serverBootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
+ serverBootstrap.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class);
+ serverBootstrap.group(boss, worker);
+ serverBootstrap.childHandler(new ChannelInitializer() {
+ @Override
+ protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.DEBUG));
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new HttpServerCodec());
+ ch.pipeline().addLast(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler() {
+ @Override
+ protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, HttpRequest msg) throws Exception {
+ // 获取请求
+ log.debug(msg.uri());
+
+ // 返回响应
+ DefaultFullHttpResponse response =
+ new DefaultFullHttpResponse(msg.protocolVersion(), HttpResponseStatus.OK);
+
+ byte[] bytes = "Hello, world!
".getBytes();
+
+ response.headers().setInt(CONTENT_LENGTH, bytes.length);
+ response.content().writeBytes(bytes);
+
+ // 写回响应
+ ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
+ }
+ });
+ /*ch.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter() {
+ @Override
+ public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
+ log.debug("{}", msg.getClass());
+
+ if (msg instanceof HttpRequest) { // 请求行,请求头
+
+ } else if (msg instanceof HttpContent) { //请求体
+
+ }
+ }
+ });*/
+ }
+ });
+ ChannelFuture channelFuture = serverBootstrap.bind(8080).sync();
+ channelFuture.channel().closeFuture().sync();
+} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+ log.error("server error", e);
+} finally {
+ boss.shutdownGracefully();
+ worker.shutdownGracefully();
+}
+```
+
+
+
+### 2.4 自定义协议要素
+
+* 魔数,用来在第一时间判定是否是无效数据包
+* 版本号,可以支持协议的升级
+* 序列化算法,消息正文到底采用哪种序列化反序列化方式,可以由此扩展,例如:json、protobuf、hessian、jdk
+* 指令类型,是登录、注册、单聊、群聊... 跟业务相关
+* 请求序号,为了双工通信,提供异步能力
+* 正文长度
+* 消息正文
+
+
+
+#### 编解码器
+
+根据上面的要素,设计一个登录请求消息和登录响应消息,并使用 Netty 完成收发
+
+```java
+@Slf4j
+public class MessageCodec extends ByteToMessageCodec {
+
+ @Override
+ protected void encode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Message msg, ByteBuf out) throws Exception {
+ // 1. 4 字节的魔数
+ out.writeBytes(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4});
+ // 2. 1 字节的版本,
+ out.writeByte(1);
+ // 3. 1 字节的序列化方式 jdk 0 , json 1
+ out.writeByte(0);
+ // 4. 1 字节的指令类型
+ out.writeByte(msg.getMessageType());
+ // 5. 4 个字节
+ out.writeInt(msg.getSequenceId());
+ // 无意义,对齐填充
+ out.writeByte(0xff);
+ // 6. 获取内容的字节数组
+ ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+ ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
+ oos.writeObject(msg);
+ byte[] bytes = bos.toByteArray();
+ // 7. 长度
+ out.writeInt(bytes.length);
+ // 8. 写入内容
+ out.writeBytes(bytes);
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ protected void decode(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ByteBuf in, List